TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor’s Note .................................................................................................................................... 2 FOCUS: DEFENCE MODERNISATION Integrated National Command Structure .............................................................. Shekhar Sinha 3 Defence Modernisation - Air Aspects .................................................................... Sumit Mukerji 10 Defence Modernisation - Naval Aspects: Achievements and Aspirations for the Future Modern Indian Navy ............... Ranjit B Rai 16 Special Forces: Need to Optimise Potential .............................................................. P.C. Katoch 20 Modernisation of the Armed Forces: Reforming the Procurement Regime ......... Mrinal Suman 28 Budgeting for Defence: Beyond Mere ‘Apportioning’ of Financial Resources .......... Anil Ahuja 37 Re-imagining India’s Defence Industry Base Crystal Ball: The Two New Defence Industrial Corridors ........................ Ashish Puntambekar 46 The Indian Armed Forces on Social Media: Reimagining the Narrative .... Anshuman Mainkar 55 REPORTS 5th India Foundation – Fudan University Bilateral Interaction: India – China Relations in the New Era ..................................................................... Praket Arya 64 Young Thinkers Meet 2018 ..................................................................................... Eshan Pandit 70 India Foundation Delegation Visit to Brussels and Berlin ....................... Apurv Kumar Mishra 73 BOOK REVIEW Srinath Raghavan’s “The Most Dangerous Place: A History of United States in South Asia” ................................................................ Srishti Singh 79 India Foundation Journal, September-October 2018 {1} India Enhancing Defence Capability Foundation Dear Readers, The world is today a far more dangerous place to live in than at any Journal previous time in history. This is primarily because of the advances made in communication technology and the spread of advanced weapon systems, which can destroy targets at long ranges with great precision. Added to this are challenges in confronting weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Vol. VI and the danger of non-contact warfare, which makes the security Issue No.5 environment a veritable cocktail where competing inter-state disputes and rivalries intermingle with sectarian, ethnic and social conflicts. In this complex web of multiple security threats and the associated challenges, September-October the Indian Armed Forces need to be prepared for all eventualities, be it 2018 guarding the national land and sea frontiers, the air space and the evolving space and cyber domains. The perennial question of butter versus guns will always remain a matter of debate, especially in a country such as India where the focus Editor rightly is on improving the economic condition of the masses. But the Maj Gen (Dr) Dhruv C Katoch threats faced by the country, both external and internal also dictate the need for strong and effective armed forces, to ensure that economic activity can take place in a peaceful and secure environment. These conflicting Assistant Editors demands can however be balanced to a large extent if a concerted push is Srihari Avuthu made to produce most of the country’s defence needs within India. There Shreya Challagalla is a need for a strong technological push to make advanced weapon systems locally, and this is possible only if the private sector steps in. The government is now giving a push to establishing two defence corridors, one in Uttar Pradesh and the other in Tamil Nadu. The need Publisher for defence economic zones has long been felt, but the political push for India Foundation its realisation is only now forthcoming. This will boost the private sector, New Delhi especially the MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises), provide employment opportunities to over 200000 people and more importantly, E-mail ensure that a large part of India’s defence needs will be indigenously [email protected] produced. The defence public sector would also need to be drastically Website pruned in size. A great deal of facilitation is required if the above initiative www.indiafoundation.in is to succeed. In the coming decade, it would be important to also affect reforms in the Ministry of Defence, to get in the desired level of integration in the ministry as recommended by the Report of the Group of Ministers post the Kargil conflict. for private circulation only {2}{2} India Foundation Journal, September-October 2018 FOCUS Integrated National Command Structure Shekhar Sinha* Preview resort to hybrid warfares, and a combination of t is said that the study of history is necessary contact and non contact warfare. Wars always to understand behaviour of a country in any impact country’s economy, trade and the daily Igiven situation, particularly the ones related lives of people and therefore it is necessary to to security. A good understanding of history is exhaustively study the impact of war before a therefore an important ingredient of statecraft. In country jumps into the fray. The National the present context of ‘Integration of Command Command Structure which assesses the impacts Structures’ we need to look into some historical of war must include those organs of state which perspectives on war strategies since this will be are stakeholders in national security apparatus; the bedrock of any larger national command war has to be a nation’s war and not Armed Force’s structure. Wars are a manifestation of the political war, which was the case earlier, in which it used will of a country and therefore when one talks of to be fought far removed from civil areas. Today’s integration, it should not be limited to Armed wars impact people’s daily lives. Some are low Forces structure alone, but that of entire organ of cost and yet cause large public impact, like the the state which shapes political will. Mumbai terror attack which kept the entire Future conflict is not akin to the wars of government machinery engaged for four days in yesteryears. There is more and more focus on non which ten attackers killed over 157 people. It is contact wars which are fought in new mediums with this backdrop that an integrated national and domains such as cyber, space, electronics, command structure approach will automatically trade and communication. New wars unlike lead to resultant reforms in many other institutions contact wars tend to minimise loss of human lives of governance including the Armed Forces. and the emphasis is to cripple daily usage Ram Madhav in his book “Uneasy infrastructure like transportation, power, Neighbours” makes a comparison between two automobile, information support systems and, games played on board - Chess and Wei Che – communication; the broad intention being to bring and says that “Chess is a game of single minded everyday functioning of the state to standstill and pursuit of victory over the enemy. In this game create public unrest. This does not mean that there each player attempts to secure a comprehensive would be no contact warfare. Countries which victory over the other by removing his army and have not migrated to technically advanced systems check mating the king. Chess is all about total will still have to rely on proven methods, and victory or a draw when both sides withdraw countries like India, which are in transition, will abandoning the hope for victory.” He adds, “… *Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha is a Trustee of India Foundation. He is a former Chief of Integrated Defence Staff & former Commander in Chief of Western Naval Command. India Foundation Journal, September-October 2018 {3} on the contrary, the Chinese game of Wei Che is Thus, if chess is about Clausewitzian concept all about strategic encirclement. In Wei Che, there of centre of gravity and decisive point then Wei is a board with nineteen by nineteen lines, and Che is art of strategic encirclement. Today, we are each player tries to fill the slots by placing his witnessing a clear shift from chess like pieces- 180 per player. Each side slowly builds ‘elimination of the enemy’ to ‘encircle the enemy’ up positions at various places on the board by and leave no option but for him to follow your encircling and capturing the enemy’s pieces. directions. Multiple contests take place simultaneously at Even older theorists and strategists have different places on the board. At the end of a well spoken about wars and battles. The 400 BCE played game, the board is filled by partially theorist Sun Tzu talked about defeating the enemy interlocked areas of strength. To an untrained eye, without resorting to a clash of arms. For him the identity of the winner is not always combat was literally the last resort. Quintas Fabius immediately obvious.” (280 BCE – 203 BCE) talked about the strategy Today, the nature of warfare has changed and of “fleet in being”, in which the presence of an is unlike the game of chess, which is akin to wars enemy fleet is sufficient to influence an opponent’s fought in yesteryears. We are witnessing cyber, strategy, even though that fleet rarely, if ever, space, nuclear, electronics, communication, leaves port. Closer to home, Kautilya has optical and light being used as medium of warfare mentioned four kinds of war - ‘Mantrayuddha’, to prove a country’s supremacy. These mediums war by counsel (exercise diplomacy); ‘Prakasa- of war need large scale planning involving all yuddha’, open warfare at a time and place of your organs of the state,