European handbook on equality data 2016 revision Justice and Consumers EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers Directorate D — Equality Unit JUST/D1 European Commission B-1049 Brussels EUROPEAN COMMISSION European handbook on equality data 2016 revision Written by Timo Makkonen December 2016 Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers 2016 The text of the handbook – 2016 revision was drafted by Timo Makkonen with contributions from: Mark Bell, Lilla Farkas, Catharina Germaine, Stefanos Grammenos, Thomas Huddleston and Marcel Zwamborn. The text was edited by Heather Stacey. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN 978-92-79-64008-7 Doi:10.2838/397074 Catalogue number DS-07-16-084-EN-N © European Union, 2016 Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 5 FOREWORD 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 1 THE CASE FOR EQUALITY DATA 12 1.1 Introduction 12 1.1.1 Legislative actions necessary, but not enough 12 1.1.2 Where is Europe in terms of data collection? 13 1.1.3 About this handbook 14 1.2 What is equality data? 15 1.2.1 Key terms 15 1.2.2 Equality and discrimination 15 1.3 The need for equality data 19 1.3.1 What data are needed and why? 19 1.4 The applicable legal framework 22 1.4.1 Introduction 22 1.4.2 Right to privacy 23 1.4.3 Data protection 24 1.4.4 Statistical ethics 28 1.5 Key issues 29 2. PLANNING AND ORGANISING THE COLLECTION OF EQUALITY DATA 31 2.1 Introduction to the sources of data 31 2.1.1 Official surveys, censuses and administrative registers 32 2.1.2 Complaints data 33 2.1.3 Research 33 2.1.4 Diversity monitoring 35 2.1.5 Data sources and the equality grounds 35 2.2 Definitions, classifications and categorisation 36 2.2.1 Introduction 36 2.2.2 Definitions 37 2.2.3 Classifications 38 2.2.4 Categorisation 38 2.3 Ensuring the quality of data 40 2.3.1 Sampling 40 2.3.2 Data collection methods 41 2.3.3 Sources of error 42 2.4 Dissemination and use of equality data 43 2.4.1 Dissemination at the European level 44 2.4.2 Dissemination at the national level 45 2.4.3 Enhancing the impact of equality data through dissemination 46 2.4.4 Publishing, explaining and advocating with equality data 48 2.5 Key issues 49 3 OFFICIAL STATISTICS 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.1.1 Equality indicators 51 3.2 Population census 53 3 3.3 Household surveys 59 3.3.1 European surveys 60 3.3.2 National surveys 65 3.3.3 Other surveys 68 3.4 Administrative registers 68 3.5 Key issues 71 4. VICTIMISATION AND COMPLAINTS DATA 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Justice system data 72 4.3 Other complaints data 74 4.4 Key issues 75 5 DISCRIMINATION TESTING 77 5.1 What is discrimination testing 77 5.2 Distinct purposes 78 5.3 Key issues 80 6 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 81 6.1 Primary and secondary data collection 81 6.2 Research strategies used 81 6.3 Key issues 82 7 DIVERSITY MONITORING BY ORGANISATIONS 83 7.1 Introduction 83 7.2 Diversity monitoring in employment 84 7.2.1 Workforce monitoring 85 7.2.2 Monitoring recruitment and selection 86 7.2.3 Acting on the results 87 7.2.4 Technical and practical considerations 87 7.3 Diversity monitoring in service delivery 89 7.4 Monitoring: an assessment 91 7.5 Case studies 92 7.6 Key issues 93 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 95 8.1 Progress on the recommendations from the 2007 handbook 95 8.2 New recommendations 101 ANNEX 1. RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE 2007 HANDBOOK 103 ANNEX 2. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 106 ANNEX 3. QUANTITATIVE DATA FROM EUROPEAN SURVEYS BY DISCRIMINATION GROUND 108 ANNEX 4: BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 4 List of abbreviations and acronyms AITHS All Ireland Traveller Health Study ANED Academic Network of European Disability Experts AT Austria BE Belgium BG Bulgaria BME Black and minority CCIF Collectif contre l’Islamophobie en France (Collective Against Islamophobia in France) CEDAW United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women CERD International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination CES Conference of European Statisticians CH Switzerland CIS Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Sociological Research Centre) (Spain) CNIL Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (National Commission on Informatics and Liberty) (France) CRC UN Convention on the Rights of the Child CSEW Crime Survey for England and Wales (UK) CSO Central Statistical Office (Hungary) CSO Central Statistics Office (Ireland) CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic DE Germany DWP Department for Work and Pensions (UK) ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECRI European Commission against Racism and Intolerance EDF European Disability Forum EE Estonia EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (US) EFTA European Free Trade Association EHSIS European Health and Social Integration Survey EL Greece ELSA English Longitudinal Study of Ageing EQLS European Quality of Life Survey Equinet European Network of Equality Bodies ES Spain ESA Employment and Support Allowance (UK) ESS European Social Survey ESS European Statistical System EUMC European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia EUROSTAT Statistical office of the European Communities EU-MIDIS European Union Migration and Discrimination Survey EU-SILC European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions EVS European Values Study FR France FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights FYR Macedonia Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GDP Gross domestic product HCSO Hungarian Central Statistical Office 5 HRS US Health and Retirement Study HU Hungary ICCPR United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICF International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health IHS Integrated Household Survey (UK) ILFR Institute for Labour and Family Research (Slovakia) (Inštitút pre výskum práce a rodiny) ILGA International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association ILO International Labour Organization Ined Institut national d’études démographiques (French Institute for Demographic Studies) Insee Institut national de la statistique et des etudes économiques (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) Istat Italian National Institute of Statistics LFS Labour Force Survey LGBT Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBTI Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex LV Latvia MEHM Minimum European Health Module MT Malta OHCHR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights ONS Office of National Statistics (UK) PETs Privacy enhancing technologies PIN Personal identification number PL Poland QNHS Quarterly National Household Survey (Ireland) RO Romania SHARE Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe SI Slovenia SK Slovakia TR Turkey UNCERD United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination UNCRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNDP United Nations Development Programme WHO World Health Organization 6 Foreword Equality represents one of the most fundamental values upon which the European Union is founded. Every citizen across the EU has the right to equal treatment, regardless of their gender, background, age or choice of partner. At the EU level, this right is safeguarded by the Equality Employment Directive (2000/78/EC) and the Race Equality Directive (2000/43/EC). While the former protects EU citizens from discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief, disability, age and sexual orientation in employment, the latter offers protection from discrimination based on race and ethnicity in many other areas of life. Despite the fact that these Directives have played a crucial role in the fight against discrimination, many citizens still experience exclusion across the EU. Discrimination deeply affects the well-being of individuals, groups, businesses, and the social fabric as a whole. The fight against discrimination is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges we face today. Yet the lack of solid data relating to equality and discrimination limits our understanding on both the extent to which discrimination affects our everyday life and how best to tackle it. Only through independent and sound information outlining the reality of EU citizens can we truly go forward in the quest for an equal society across Europe. The 2007 European Handbook on equality data provided a first overview of how best to collect and analyse data on issues relating to equal treatment in the European Union context. Since then, however, new issues concerning equality data collection have emerged and these are addressed in this new edition. I hope that the revised Handbook will be a useful tool for policymakers, citizens, statisticians and all equality practitioners to further collect valuable data, which will broaden the approach to combating discrimination and make it more effective. Tiina Astola Director-General for Justice and Consumers 7 Executive summary Background The European Handbook on Equality Data was published in 2007 as part of the action taken to support EU Member States to implement EU anti-discrimination legislation and to achieve progress towards equality. The objectives of this 2016 revision of the European handbook on equality data remain the same as in the version published in 2007: i.