Forager Mobility, Constructed Environments, and Emergent Settlement Hierarchy: Insights from Altiplano Archaeology Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Haas, William Randall Jr Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 02:39:42 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332849 FORAGER MOBILITY, CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENTS, AND EMERGENT SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY: INSIGHTS FROM ALTIPLANO ARCHAEOLOGY by W. Randall Haas, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2014 2 The University of Arizona Graduate College As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by W. Randall Haas, Jr. titled “Forager Mobility, Constructed Environments, and Emergent Settlement Hierarchy: Insights from Altiplano Archaeology” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: 23 July 2014 Mark S. Aldenderfer Date: 23 July 2014 Steven L. Kuhn Date: 23 July 2014 Mary C. Stiner Date: 23 July 2014 J. Stephen Lansing Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: 23 July 2014 Dissertation Director: Steven L. Kuhn Date: 23 July 2014 Dissertation Director: Mark S. Aldenderfer 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgment of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: W. Randall Haas, Jr. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am truly grateful to the innumerable individuals who helped me on the path to composing this dissertation. My committee including Drs. Mark Aldenderfer, Steven Kuhn, Mary Stiner, and Stephen Lansing have offered exceptional guidance, insight, patience, and opportunities throughout the course of this work. I am particularly grateful to my advisors, Drs. Aldenderfer and Kuhn. Dr. Aldenderfer introduced me to Andean archaeology when he invited me to assist in a subsurface testing project in the Rio Ramis region, Puno in 2008. My subsequent work in the region would not have been possible without the many intellectual and logistical doors that he opened. Dr. Kuhn has provided a constant source of wisdom especially as I endeavored to view hunter-gatherer archaeology through the lens of complex systems theory. Many of the theoretical ideas and mathematical treatments have origins in conversations with him whether in his office, at professional meetings, or by video conferencing across the country or globe. As archaeological data and politics created twists and turns in the direction of my research, many other School of Anthropology faculty members contributed guidance along the way. In particular, Drs. David Killick, Barbara Mills, John Olsen, David Raichlen, Michael Schiffer, and James Watson have been particularly influential in helping me work through theoretical, methodological, and logistical problems. Dr. Greg Hodgins, Becky Watson, Marcus Lee, and others at the Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry lab assisted with 14C processing. This research has also benefited from conversations with many other faculty members and fellow students inside and outside of the classroom. The 2007 School of Anthropology cohort and other fellow students too numerous to mention individually have offered incredible friendship, support, and intellectual stimulation throughout this process. I look forward to many more years of friendship and collaboration with them. Field seasons long and short were made possible with support from the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute (CARI). For field and laboratory assistance, sharing materials, and sharing in great memories, I thank Dr. Elizabeth Arkush, Cecilia Chavez Justo, Erika Brandt, Karl la Favre, Dr. Elizabeth Klarich, Cynthia Klink, Brieanna Langlie, Dr. Abigail Levine, Dr. Aimme Plourde, Dr. Carol Schultze, Dr. Charles Stanish, Dr. Matthew Warwick, and Matthew Velasco. Ceci Chavez analyzed the ceramics, and Brieanna analyzed a sample of macrobotanical remains recovered from Soro Mik'aya Patjxa. Brieanna also generously allowed us to use her brand new, custom-built flotation machine. I would like to extend a special thank you to my field mentor and great friend, Dr. Nathan Craig. Dr. Craig patiently introduced me to Andean fieldwork, took me to visit remote sites, and provided council at various stages of my research. I am a great admirer of the depth and breadth of his work. Many of the findings presented here are built on foundations laid by his impressive efforts. Other Peruvian colleagues have supported field efforts. Carlos Viviano Llave served as the project co-director for the Proyecto Arcaico Tardio del Ilave (PATI). His hard work, knowledge of bureaucracy, and good spirit was indispensable. I thank Dr. Rafael Vega Centano for putting me in touch with Carlos. The community of Mulla Fasiri permitted excavation on their land, and the communities of Totorani and Ilave made me feel welcome during my stay. I 5 am immeasurably grateful to Albino Pilco Quispe, Virginia Incacoña, Mateo Incacoña Huaraya, Daniel Pilco Incacoña, Nestor Condori Flores, Dario Pilco Incacoña, and Karen Pilco Incacoña who provided support in the field and laboratory. They patiently helped me better understand and navigate the cultural and natural landscapes of the region, and they became some of my greatest teachers and friends along the way. Field research was supported by a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (award BCS-1311626) and an American Philosophical Society Lewis and Clark Fund for Exploration and Field Research. Additional financial support for radiocarbon dating was provided by the School of Anthropology and the Graduate Professional and Student Council at The University of Arizona. This document was drafted during the support of a Marshall Foundation dissertation writing fellowship. On a more personal note, I express my gratitude to the many family members and loved ones who selflessly supported me in many ways on the path to graduate school and completing this dissertation. My mother, Vicki Rush; my father, Randy Haas Sr.; my brother, Jared Haas; my partner Lauren Hayes; and many others including grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and friends provided the inspiration and encouragement to pursue this unconventional adventure. Daisy and Nellie probably also deserve acknowledgment for their patience and uncanny ability to keep spirits high. 6 Dedicated to the people of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa. 7 CONTENTS Contents...........................................................................................................................................7 Abstract..........................................................................................................................................11 Introductory Statement...................................................................................................................12 Literature Review...........................................................................................................................18 Human Behavior and Settlement-Size Variation.......................................................................19 Univariate Statistical Structure and Its Interpretation...............................................................20 The Statistical Structure of Human Settlement-Size Variation and Its Explanation.................30 Hunter-Gatherer Site Formation and Settlement-Size Variation: Five Models.........................35 Independent Residential Move Model..................................................................................37 Social-Bias Model................................................................................................................39 Niche-Construction Model...................................................................................................42 Environmental Structure Model...........................................................................................46 Geomorphic Process Model.................................................................................................47 Archaic Hunter-Gatherers of the Lake Titicaca Basin and their Context.................................49 References Cited............................................................................................................................54