Japan’s Security Relations with China since 1989 The Japanese–Chinese security relationship is one of the most important vari- ables in the formation of a new strategic environment in the Asia-Pacific region which has not only regional but also global implications. The book investigates how and why since the 1990s China has turned in the Japanese perception from a benign neighbour to an ominous challenge, with implications not only for Japan’s security, but also its economy, role in Asia and identity as the first devel- oped Asian nation. Japan’s reaction to this challenge has been a policy of engagement, which consists of political and economic enmeshment of China, hedged by political and military power balancing. The unique approach of this book is the use of an extended security concept to analyse this policy, which allows a better and more systematic understanding of its many inherent contradictions and conflicting dynamics, including the centrifugal forces arising from the Japan–China–US triangular relationship. Many contradictions of Japan’s engagement policy arise from the overlap of military and political power-balancing tools which are part of containment as well as of engagement, a reality which is downplayed by Japan but not ignored by China. The complex nature of engagement explains the recent reinforcement of Japan’s security cooperation with the US and Tokyo’s efforts to increase the security dialogues with countries neighbouring China, such as Vietnam, Myanmar and the five Central Asian countries. The book raises the crucial question of whether Japan’s political leadership, which is still preoccupied with finding a new political constellation and with overcoming a deep economic crisis, is able to handle such a complex policy in the face of an increasingly assertive China and a US alliance partner with strong swings between engaging and containing China’s power. Reinhard Drifte has held the Chair of Japanese Studies at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne since 1989. In recent years he was Visiting Professor at the University of Tokyo and Visiting Professor at the University of Beijing. His most recent books are Japan’s Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat and Japan’s Foreign Policy for the 21st Century. For further information see his home page: http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/r.f.w.drifte/ The Nissan Institute/RoutledgeCurzon Japanese Studies Series Editorial Board J.A.A. Stockwin, Nissan Professor of Modern Japanese Studies, University of Oxford, and Director, Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies; Teigo Yoshida, formerly Professor of the University of Tokyo; Frank Langdon, Professor, Institute of International Relations, University of British Columbia; Alan Rix, Executive Dean, Faculty of Arts, The University of Queensland; Junji Banno, formerly Professor of the University of Tokyo, now Professor, Chiba University; Leonard Schoppa, Associate Professor, Department of Government and Foreign Affairs, and Director of the East Asia Center, University of Virginia Other titles in the series: Japanese Economic Development: Theory and Practice, Second Edition The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness Penelope Francks Peter Dale Japan and Protection: The Growth The Emperor’s Adviser: Saionji of Protectionist Sentiment and the Kinmochi and Pre-war Japanese Japanese Response Politics Syed Javed Maswood Lesley Connors The Soil, by Nagatsuka Takashi: A A History of Japanese Economic Portrait of Rural Life in Meiji Japan Thought Translated and with an introduction by Ann Tessa Morris-Suzuki Waswo The Establishment of the Japanese Biotechnology in Japan Constitutional System Malcolm Brock Junji Banno, translated by J.A.A. Stockwin Britain’s Educational Reform: A Industrial Relations in Japan: The Comparison with Japan Peripheral Workforce Michael Howarth Norma Chalmers Language and the Modern State: Banking Policy in Japan: American The Reform of Written Japanese Efforts at Reform During the Nanette Twine Occupation William M. Tsutsui Industrial Harmony in Modern Japan: The Intervention of a Educational Reform in Japan Tradition Leonard Schoppa W. Dean Kinzley How the Japanese Learn to Work, Japanese Science Fiction: A View of Second Edition a Changing Society Ronald P. Dore and Mari Sako Robert Matthew The Japanese Numbers Game: The Growing a Japanese Science City: Use and Understanding of Numbers Communication in Scientific in Modern Japan Research Thomas Crump James W. Dearing Ideology and Practice in Modern Architecture and Authority in Japan Japan William H. Coaldrake Edited by Roger Goodman and Kirsten Refsing Women’s Giday and the Japanese Technology and Industrial Theatre Tradition Development in Pre-war Japan: A. Kimi Coaldrake Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard, Democracy in Post-war Japan: 1884–1934 Maruyama Masao and the Search Yukiko Fukasaku for Autonomy Japan’s Early Parliaments, Rikki Kersten 1890–1905: Structure, Issues and Treacherous Women of Imperial Trends Japan: Patriarchal Fictions, Andrew Fraser, R.H.P. Mason and Philip Patricidal Fantasies Mitchell Hélène Bowen Raddeker Japan’s Foreign Aid Challenge: Japanese–German Business Policy Reform and Aid Leadership Relations: Competition and Rivalry Alan Rix in the Inter-war Period Emperor Hirohito and Shwa Japan: Akira Kudô A Political Biography Japan, Race and Equality: The Stephen S. Large Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 Japan: Beyond the End of History Naoko Shimazu David Williams Japan, Internationalism and the UN Ceremony and Ritual in Japan: Ronald Dore Religious Practices in an Life in a Japanese Women’s College: Industrialized Society Learning to be Ladylike Edited by Jan van Bremen and D.P. Martinez Brian J. McVeigh Understanding Japanese Society, On The Margins of Japanese Second Edition Society: Volunteers and the Welfare Joy Hendry of the Urban Underclass The Fantastic in Modern Japanese Carolyn S. Stevens Literature: The Subversion of The Dynamics of Japan’s Relations Modernity with Africa: South Africa, Tanzania Susan J. Napier and Nigeria Militarization and Demilitarization Kweku Ampiah in Contemporary Japan The Right to Life in Japan Glenn D. Hook Noel Williams The Nature of the Japanese State: Japan and East Asian Regionalism Rationality and Rituality Edited by S. Javed Maswood Brian J. McVeigh Globalizing Japan: Ethnography of Society and the State in Inter-war the Japanese Presence in America, Japan Asia and Europe Edited by Elise K. Tipton Edited by Harumi Befu and Sylvie Guichard- Anguis Japanese–Soviet/Russian Relations since 1945: A Difficult Peace Japan at Play: The Ludic and Logic Kimie Hara of Power Edited by Joy Hendry and Massimo Raveri Interpreting History in Sino- Japanese Relations: A Case Study in The Making of Urban Japan: Cities Political Decision Making and Planning from Edo to the Caroline Rose Twenty First Century André Sorensen Endô Shûsaku: A Literature of Reconciliation Public Policy and Economic Mark B. Williams Competition in Japan: Change and Continuity in Antimonopoly Policy, Green Politics in Japan 1973–1995 Lam Peng-Er Michael L. Beeman The Japanese High School: Silence Modern Japan: A Social and Political and Resistance History Shoko Yoneyama Elise K. Tipton Engineers in Japan and Britain: Men and Masculinities in Education, Training and Contemporary Japan: Dislocating Employment the Salaryman Doxa Kevin McCormick Edited by James E. Roberson and Nobue Suzuki The Politics of Agriculture in Japan The Voluntary and Non-Profit Sector Aurelia George Mulgan in Japan: The Challenge of Change Opposition Politics in Japan: Edited by Stephen P. Osborne Strategies Under a One-Party Japan’s Security Relations with Dominant Regime China since 1989: From Balancing to Stephen Johnson Bandwagoning The Changing Face of Japanese Reinhard Drifte Retail: Working in a Chain Store Louella Matsunaga Japan’s Security Relations with China since 1989 From balancing to bandwagoning? Reinhard Drifte I~ ~?io~!!~n~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon First published 2003 by RoutledgeCurzon Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2003 Reinhard Drifte Typeset in Baskerville by Taylor & Francis Books Ltd The Open Access version of this book, available at www. tandfebooks. com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Drifte, Reinhard. Japan’s security relations with China since 1989 : from balancing to bandwagoning? / Reinhard Drifte. (Nissan Institute/RoutledgeCurzon Japanese studies series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. National security–Japan. 2. National security–China. 3. Japan–Relations–China. 4. China–Relations–Japan. 5. East Asia–Relations–United States. 6. United States–Relations–East Asia. I. Title. II. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series. UA845 .D75 2002 355'.033052–dc212002068241 ISBN 978-0-415-30507-5 (hbk) To Collette Contents List of tables xii Preface xiii List of abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Security in the post-Cold War era 1 Methodology and questions to be addressed 2 The complex nature of engagement policy 5 Restraint and deference 6 The dynamics of engagement 7 Summary of chapters 10 1 Japanese–Chinese relations under Cold War conditions 12