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University Microfilms international 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77-9815 FRY, Gary Dean, 1949- THE DOUKHOBORS, 1801-1855: THE ORIGINS OF A SUCCESSFUL DISSIDENT SECT. The American University, Ph.D., 1976 History, Europe Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan48ioe © COPYRIGHT GARY DEAN FRY 1976 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE DOUKHOBORS, l801-l855: THE ORIGINS OF A SUCCESSFUL DISSIDENT SECT by Gary Dean Fry Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Signatures of Committee Chairman : Acting Dean of the Co^ege -ltd Date 1976 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THE AMESICM UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES..................... PREFACE ............................ ABBREVIATIONS ..................... INTRODUCTORY NOTE ................. CHAPTER I. LITERATURE ON THE DOUKHOBORS II. "WE LIVED, WE DWELT ON THE GREEN EARTH, [BUT] WE DID NOT KNOW ANYTHING. THE EARLY HISTORY AND DOCTRINE OF DOUKHOBORISM. 30 III. THE MILKY WATERS : THE DOUKHOBORS IN THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER I, PART.. 1 ...................... 79 IV. "INTRIGUES WERE ON FOOT. .": THE DOUKHOBORS IN THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER I, PART 2 ....................................... 14I V. ORTHODOXY, AUTOCRACY, AND HERESY: THE DOUKHOBORS IN THE REIGN OF NICHOLAS I, PART 1......................................... 200 VI. "... A TERRIBLE INQUISITIONAL TRIBUNAL": THE DOUKHOBORS IN THE REIGN OF NICHOLAS I, PART 2.................................. 264 VII. PATTERNS OP DOUKHOBOR CULTURE, l80I-l855 .. 322 VIII. "NEW DOUKHOBORISM"........................ 387 IX. A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE .................... 399 X. THRONE AND SECT: CONCLUDING REMARKS ......... 420 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................... 435 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OP TABLES Page 1. Subdivision of the Doukhobor Population for the Years 1826 and 1827............................ 2l8 2. The Establishment of Provincial "Secret Consultative Committees" ...................... 266 3. Population Figures of the Doukhobor Milky Waters Villages for 1838................................. 291 4. Population of the Caucasian Doukhobor Villages in the Late Nineteenth Century...................... 311 5. Five Categories Detailing the Relative Economic Strength of Doukhobors in Akhalkalak District in 1886......................................... 337 6. Doukhobor Immigration to Canada for l899......... 395 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE I have employed the Library of Congress system of transliteration except for the omission of soft signs. The names of rulers and localities well known in English have been anglicized. The spelling of "Doukhobor" conforms to standard English usage. The New Style or Gregorian calendar was not adopted in Russia until 1918. In the nineteenth century the Old Style or Julian calendar used in Russia was twelve days behind the New Style; in the eighteenth century there was an eleven day difference. In all cases I have rendered dates in both Styles for the sake of clarity. A number of institutions warrant mention for their aid and support in the preparation of this dissertation. I wish to thank the Special Collections staff of the University of British Columbia Library for its guidance and assistance during the initial stages of research for this study. Similarly, the Slavic specialists of the Library of Congress' Law Library were especially helpful. Finally, the Russian and East European Center of the University of Illinois (Urb ana-Champ a i gn) deserves particular mention and my gratitude for deeming the present study worthy of support through its Summer Research Laboratory. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABBREVIATIONS PPSZ (Pervoe) polnoe sobranle zakonov Rossllskol Imperil] 46 vols. St. Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaia tip., I83O-I839. PSPR Polnoe sobranle postanovlenii 1 rasporlzhenil po vedomstvu pravoslavnago Ispovedanlla Rossllskol Imperii. 5 series. 19 vois. St. Petersburg: Sinodalnoi tip., I869- 1915. SPSR Sbornik pravitelstvennykh svedenii o raskolnikakh. Edited by V. Kelsiev. London: Trübner, I86O-I862. SPR Sobranle postanovlenii po chasti raskola. 2 vois. St. Petersburg: Tip. ministerstva vnutrennikh del, I858. SPR (1875 ed.) Sobranle postanovlenii po chasti raskola. St. Petersburg: Tip. ministerstva vnutrenniky del, I875. VPSZ (Vtoroe) polnoe sobranle zakonov Rossllskol Imperii. 55 vois. St. Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaia tip., 183O-I884. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTORY NOTE This dissertation endeavors to trace the critical first fifty years of the Doukhobor settlement established by Alexander I in l802. With his decision to grant the Doukhobors* wish to be settled in "a separate colony," Alexander gave immediate and definite shape to what was theretofore an amorphous history of individuals scattered in many parts of the Russian Empire and united solely by a common religion. Only from l802 were the Doukhobors con­ fronted with the task of constructing among themselves the economic, political, and spiritual relationships that would determine the subsequent growth or decay of the sect as a real community of the faithful. Only from l802 did the Doukhobors collectively confront a government that could either tolerate or destroy them. During the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I, the basic shape and place of the Doukhobor community in Imperial Russian society were deter­ mined by a complex interaction of state and sectarian attitudes and policies. Between 18OI and 1855 the autocracy created a legal milieu in which the Doukhobors could exist as religious dis­ senters. The creation of a legal order tolerant of "errors of faith" proceeded from a rational ordering of state affairs that consciously removed the peaceful confession of 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 dissenting religion as a target of governmental sanctions. Alexander’s pursuit of such a policy derived primarily from an early adoption of Enlightenment precepts that evolved into a highly ecumenical spiritualism. Nicholas’ policy toward dissenting religion was largely a function of his devotion to a bureaucratization that implied a depersonalized standardization in state policies that was often blind to matters of faith. Under Alexander and Nicholas the Doukhobors came to be regarded as subjects of the Tsar rather than "heretics." The legal order which the autocracy constructed for the Doukhobors was characterized by carefully prescribed limitations on sectarian activity. Although the state countenanced the existence of dissenting faith, it was not agreeable to the unbridled growth of a force subversive of the Orthodox Christian civilization on which the autocracy was based. The Doukhobors were thus subjected to a legal regimen of checks and balances the aim of which was to con­ trol rather than suppress the sect. The