Year 3 science: Rocks and soils This resource has been created using Tw i n k l : https://www.twinkl.co.uk Science | Year 3Year | Rocks | TypesOne of Rocks | Lesson 1 Aim • I can compare different types of rocks. Success Criteria • I can name the three different types of rocks. • I can explain the difference between natural and human-made rocks. • I can use the appearance of rocks to group and compare them. Rocks What are rocks? What do you already know about rocks? Are rocks alive? How do you know? Why are there rocks everywhere? How do rocks form? Look carefully at the photographs on following slides and spot the rocks. Spot the Rocks Countryside Photo courtesy of Jimmy Harris (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Spot the Rocks Chalk Cliffs Photo courtesy of tsbl2000 (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Spot the Rocks Muddy Fields Photo courtesy of Marianne Bevis (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Spot the Rocks Town Centre Photo courtesy of joncandy (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Spot the Rocks Granite Peak Photo courtesy of mikecogh (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Spot the Rocks Volcano Photo courtesy of coolinsights (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Spot the Rocks Mountain Photo courtesy of Doug Scortegagna (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Spot the Rocks Pebble Beach Photo courtesy of zemistor (@flickr.com) - granted under creative commons licence – attribution Natural Rocks There are three types of naturally occurring rocks. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Natural Rocks Igneous Rock Far under the ground, the temperature is hot enough to melt the rock into a liquid. This is called molten rock. Igneous rocks are formed from this molten rock in two ways. Intrusive Igneous Rocks: Extrusive Igneous Rocks: Molten rock that remains underground is Molten rock that comes out of the called magma. When magma cools and ground is called lava. When lava cools hardens it becomes a type of intrusive and hardens it becomes a type of igneous rock. extrusive igneous rock. (Intrusive = internal = inside) (Extrusive = external = outside) Natural Rocks Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rock forms under the sea. The following illustrates the process: 1) As a result of weathering and erosion, bits of rock end up in lakes and rivers. Rivers transport bits of rock and deposit them on the bottom of the sea. This process is called sedimentation. 2) With time, more layers (strata) pile up and press down on the lower layers of rock. This process is called compaction. 3) Over time, water is pushed out from these layers and the process of cementation occurs. This is when salt compounds glue or cement the bits of rock together so they form a solid layer. Natural Rocks Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rocks don’t just form from being near magma they can also be formed from Earth movements which can cause rocks to be deeply buried or squeezed. This means the rocks are heated and put under immense pressure which causes the minerals they contain to be changed chemically. Collision of tectonic plates can also result in the formation of metamorphic rock too. This illustration shows how the This illustration shows how the igneous rock near magma is being sedimentary rock near magma is being heated and changed. heated and changed. Human-Made Rocks The scientific name for human-made rocks is anthropic rocks. Anthropic rocks are made, modified or moved by humans. Concrete The Romans first invented concrete, although the type of concrete we use today dates from 1756. Concrete is a mixture of water, aggregate (either sand, rock or gravel) and cement (a mixture of chalk and clay). Human-Made Rocks Mock Rock Victorians created rock gardens and surfaces that looked like rock from mock rock. Types of mock rock include pulhamite, which looked like gritty sandstone. James Pulham, who invented it, took the exact recipe for it to the grave! Coade stone (made from grog, flint, quartz, soda lime glass and clay) is another type of mock rock. Bricks Bricks have been around for a long time. The first bricks come from a place called Tell Aswad in modern day Syria. That was in 7500 BC! However, bricks were used to build in most of the ancient civilisations and are still used today. Bricks are usually made of clay soil, sand and lime or concrete materials. They can be air dried or fire-hardened. Natural or Human-Made? You will be looking at a selection of rocks in groups: igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic or manmade. Natural or Human-Made Human-Made Natural Rocks Rocks Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Obsidian Chalk Marble Brick Granite Sandstone Quartzite Concrete Basalt Limestone Slate Coade Stone Fact or Fiction? Igneous rock is formed by magma and lava. Fact Fiction Metamorphic rock turns into liquid. Fact Fiction Sedimentary rock forms on land. Fact Fiction There are two types of igneous rock. Fact Fiction Chalk is a type of human-made rock. Fact Fiction Human-made rocks do contain natural rocks as well. Fact Fiction The man who invented pulhamite took the recipe to the Fact Fiction grave. Fact or Fiction? Igneous rock is formed by magma and lava. Fact Fiction Metamorphic rock turns into liquid. Fact Fiction Sedimentary rock forms on land. Fact Fiction There are two types of igneous rock. Fact Fiction Chalk is a type of human-made rock. Fact Fiction Human-made rocks do contain natural rocks as well. Fact Fiction The man who invented pulhamite took the recipe to the Fact Fiction grave. Aim • I can explain how fossils are formed. Success Criteria • I can explain the difference between a bone and a fossil. • I can order the steps of how a fossil is formed. Are Dinosaurs Real? Discuss the question with your talk partner. What evidence do you have that they are real or not real? Where does the evidence come from? Are Dinosaurs Real? It is believed that dinosaur fossils have been found for centuries and these gave rise to some of the mythical creatures in ancient cultures. However, without documented evidence we can not know this for sure. What we do know is that our current knowledge of dinosaurs and palaeontology (the study of fossils) started in the 1800s. So we really have only known about them for the last 200 years! We know about dinosaurs due to the discovery of fossils and fossilised skeletons. Bones or Fossils? There are some key concepts we Fossils need to know before moving on. Fossils are more than just ancient bones, which What is the difference between is what many people think. bones and fossils? There are three types of fossils – body fossils, trace fossils and chemical fossils. Bones Chemical fossils Bones are any piece of the hard Chemical fossils contain carbon, whitish tissue that makes up the which is proof that they must be skeleton in animals including formed from once living things. humans. Examples of chemical fossils include coal, petroleum oil and natural gas. Body Fossils Body fossils are the remains of an animal or plant such as bones, shells or leaves. There are three types of body fossils: Mould and Cast Fossils Mould fossils form when all the parts (including the bones) have decayed and all that is left is the mould of the animal. Cast fossils form from mould fossils as the mould fossil is filled up with sediment – so it is not made up of the original matter of the animal or plant. Replacement Fossils Replacement fossils form when water dissolves the original hard matter of the bones and replaces them with mineral matter – this is what we think of when we discuss dinosaur fossils. They still look like the original bones but are not made up of the same matter. Whole Body Fossils Whole body fossils form when the original body has been preserved – for example a woolly mammoth in ice or a mosquito in amber. Trace Fossils These are fossils that record the activity of an animal including: Footprints Trackways Coprolites (fossil faeces) Fossilisation Process There are many different ways that fossilisation occurs. However, you will focus on how fossils form in rocks (both body and trace fossils). Fossilisation only takes place in sedimentary rocks as the heat from the lava that creates igneous rocks and changes the structure of metamorphic rocks would be too high for fossils to survive. Fossilisation Process; Step 1 An animal or creature dies on land or in the sea and it gets covered by a layer of sediments (e.g. plant material and tiny parts of rock or soil etc). Over time, through compaction and cementation (solidifying), these eventually form a layer of rock. Fossilisation Process; Step 2 Over time more layers of rock are formed which cover it and by this time the only thing to remain of the organism would be the hard parts such as bones, shells and teeth. Fossilisation Process; Step 3 Over thousands of years the mould fossil might become a cast fossil with sediment entering the mould. In the case of replacement fossils, the original bone matter changes to mineral matter but this does not affect the shape of the bones. Fossilisation Process; Step 4 Over a long period of time the sea will recede in certain places. The sea level could also be changed quickly through earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Fossilisation Process; Step 5 As erosion and weathering takes place, eventually the fossils become exposed. Order the Fossilisation Process Aim • I can explain Mary Anning’s contribution to palaeontology. Success Criteria • I can explain what a palaeontologist does.