54 Transactions British Mycological Society 55 (i i) GALLØE, o. Natural History of the Danish Lichens, i (1927), II (1929). (i 2) HARMAND, i. Guide élémentaire du Lichénologue accompagné de nombreuses espèces typiques en nature (i 904). NOTES ON ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI (13) HUE, A. M. Lichens. Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française (1908- I9IO), commandée par Ie Dr Jean Charcot, Paris (1915). By T. PETeR (14) KRABBE, G. Entwickelungsgeschichte und Morphologie der polymorphen Flechten- gattung Cladonia (i 89 i ). (With 4 Text-figures) (i 5) NEUBNER, E. "Untersuchungen über den Thallus und die Fruchtanfånge der Calycieen." Wiss. Beil. des iv. Jahresber. k. Gymnas. z. Plauen i.IV. (i893). I. BEA UVERIA PETELOTI Vincens (16) NIENBURG, W. "Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen den Algen und Hyphen im Flechtenthallus." Zeitsch.j. Bot. ix (1917), 529-543. BEAUVERIA PETELOTI Vincens was described by Vincens in Bull. Soc. (17) PAULSON, R. "The sporulation ofgonidia in the thallus of Everniaprunastri Ach." Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. VII (1922),44-46. Bot. France, Sér. 4, xv (1915), 132-144, from three collections from (18) PAULSON, R. and HASTINGS, S. "The relation between the alga and fungus oft fBrazil, one on the wasp, Polybia chrysothorax, another on the wasp, a lichen." Journ. Linn. Soc. XLIV (1920), 497-506. i ¡polystes canadensis, and the third on bees, the fungus being so different (19) Natuiforsch.SCHWNDENER, S. "Ueber Gesell. den Bau und in das WachsthumZürich des (1860). Flechtenthallus."! ;i Hn appearance in the three cases, that, as remarked by Vincens, one would consider them three different species, were it not that a study (20) - "Ueber die Apothecia primitus aperta und die Entwicklung der Apothecieni im Allgemeinen." Flora, XLVII (1864),321-332. .: ,of their fructifications showed them to be the same. The following (2 I) - "Ueber den angeblichen Protothallus der Krustenflechten." Flora,: &account is based on Vincens' descriptions and figures. XLIX (1866),4°1-412.1 ! In the specimen on Polybia, the insect is attached to a leaf by thick (23)(22) SMITH, A.- L. LichensA Monograph qfthe British (1921)."1 Lichens. I, Ed. 2 (I9i8).f 'brown strands of mycelium. From the insect arise numerous slender (24) STAHLECKER, E. "Untersuchungen über Thallusbau in ihren Beziehungen) ¡clavae, 2 to 10 mm. long, 0'2 to 0'5 mm. diameter, sometimes thick. zum Substrat bei silciseden Krustenflechten." Beitr. Wiss. Bot. V (ig06),¡ (ened upwards, straight or curved, pulverulent, white at first, be- (25) 4°5-451.'TREBOUX, O. "Die freilebende Alge und die Gonidie Cystococcus humicola inl 'icoming light brown and polished, and then resembling Hirsutella Bezug auf die Flechtensymbiose." Ber. d. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. xx (I912)¡j 'Saussurei. Vincens found that the clavae bore somewhat irregular 69-80. phialides, varying from an elongated, slightly swollen base, 2-3 l- (26) WAINIO, E. Monographia Cladoniarum Universalis, Helsingfors, I (1887). :; ~iameter, to one scarcely differentiated from a normal hypha. The (27) ZUKAL, H. "Morphologische und biologische Untersuchungen über die; Flechten (Erste Abhandlung)." Sitzungsber. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat¡¡ conidia were oval or ellptic, 3-4 x 1 - i' 5 l-. He regarded the fungus Kl. CiV, Abt. I (1895), 529-574. as a form of Spicaria, because he sometimes found three phialides arising from a common basal cell. He remarked that the hymenial layer was less compact towards the base of the clava, where the phialides were borne on short tufts of mycelium. I Vincens' photo~raph of the sp~cimen on Polybia shows a s-eneral resemblance to Hirsutella Saussurei, but the clavae are too white and fRUffy in the upper part for that species. His dra~ings, however, show .\ much looser external layer than in that species, which has a closely ~acked palisade layer of hairs and phialides, quite different from the :lightly inflated phialides ilustrated by Vincens. Moreover, the ?hialides of Hirsutella bear a tNn sterigma clearly differentiated from lhe swollen base, whereas those figured have no such sterigmata. '¡ The second specimen, on Polystes, also has clavae arising from the ¡horax, but these are white, fluffy, and often branched above. The ~domen, however, bears small white cushions, arising from the ~tures and forming bands across it, just as commonly occurs on ~eetles attacked by Beauveria densa. These cushions contained conidio- ~ores similar to those borne on the tufts at the base of the clavae on \he specimen on Polybia, but in addition Vincens found a few zigzag ierigmata which he considered similar to those of a Beauveria, and he 56 Transactions British Mycological Society Notes on Entomogenous Fungi. T. Petch 57 figured one arising from a phialide borne on the same hypha as other ¡ of this species, with the two glabrous perithecial clavae arising from the abdomen. similar phialides, of the same shape as those of the specimen on Polybia.l the thorax and the slender conidial clava from the tip of Similar sterigmata were found on the clavae on the thorax, but in that; , As the rainy season progresses, one meets with specimens which bear situation they did not arise from differentiated phialides, but were¡ the various stages of Byssostilbe tomentosa, or Sporotrichum album, or other continuations of normal hyphae of equal diameter. The conidia on '( fungi, these being confined to the Cordyceps clavae, so that there is this specimen were the same as those of the specimen on Polybia. ¡ little doubt that they are parasitic on the Cordyceps and not on the Vincens' figures show that his supposed sterigma is not a Beauveria ¡ insect. Later, specimens are found on which the Cordyceps has been sterigma. It is a normal conidiiferous hypha of a Sporotrichum, un- almost obliterated by the secondary fungus, and only a careful ex- differentiated in diameter from the hypha of which it is a continua- amination, and a knowledge gained from previous specimens, wil tion, and is quite different from the extremely fine sterigma of Beau- enable one to discover the remains ofthe Cordyceps, sometimes only the veria. The sole point of resemblance is that growth in both is sympodiaL. strigose brown mat which fastened the insect to the leaf. In the third collection, on bees, the insect is covered with a my- r Many of these secondary fungi have been recorded in previous celium consisting of pale brown fiaments. White clavae arise from '. papers. Aegerita Webberi is the host of severaL. Cladosporium spp. the sutures of the insect, but these have collapsed, and hide the insect attack almost all entomogenous fungi, but especially Hypocrella and under a white mass of coarse cottony strands. The fertile hyphae of¡ Aschersonia. Species of Cephaiosporium are common. Gibellula may be these strands are less regularly flexuose than those of the specimen on t so far obliterated by secondary fungi, that it can only be recognised Polystes, but they are evidently of the same character. by the remnants of the stalks of the conidiophores. In temperate climates one is apt to think of entomogenous fungi as It may be queried whether it is correct to style these fungi super- species which grow from insects buried in the ground or in decaying parasites. Melanospora parasitica is undoubtedly parasitic only on fungi, I wood, and that idea is strengthened by the accounts of the largerl and Byssostilbe tomentosa and Byssostilbefusca are probably parasitic on species ofCordyceps found in the tropics. But by far the greater numberl Cordyceps and Torrubiella respectively. But whether the various species of entomogenous fungi in the tropics grow on insects attached to living! of Sporotrichum, Cephaiosporium, Cladosporium, etc., found on entomo- leaves of trees and shrubs at some distance from the ground. Natur- genous fungi are restricted to that substratum, or to fungi in general, ally, one would expect those which attack scale insects to occui on! or are merely common saprophytes, cannot be stated in the light of living leaves or stems, as the insects themselves occur normally in that! . our present knowledge of tropical fungi. situation, but fungi which attack spiders, flies, wasps, ants, cock-, The foregoing remarks wil ilustrate the necessity of bearing in roaches, etc., are also found, as a rule, on insects attached to the under) mind that entomogenous fungi can serve as hosts for other fungi, side ofliving leaves. In collecting entomogenous fungi, one looks on: , especially Hyphomycetes, and that it cannot be concluded that all the ground and examines decaying logs, for the larger Cordyceps, and . the fungi found on an insect at the same time are stages of the same other fungi which grow on insects in such habitats, but to make any. fungus, nor that the most obvious fungus on an insect is the one which on specimens gathered representative collection of the species of a given district one must; kiled it. Secondary fungi are to be expected examine the under surfaces of leaves, which is most easily done by. during prolonged wet weather. " turning over, or cutting off, the branches of the jungle undergrowth.: With Beauveria Peteloti Vincens, there is little room for doubt that From the beginning of the rainy season, one finds an increasing! the conidiophores figured by Vincens are not those of a Beauveria, but number of specimens in that situation. Infected insects settle on the! of a Sporotrichum, which is growing on the clavae of Hirsutella Saussurei. under side of the leaves, are fixed to the leaf by the mycelium of the'i I' According to Vincens' figurts, the Sporotrichum is very near S. album funglis, and die in that position. Subsequently, the fructifications are! ¡i!; ingPetch, on butthe hasclavae smaller only. conidia. In the specimenIn the specimen on Polystes on Polybia it is growing it is grow- on developed. But the specimens do not remain there indefinitely or! until the leaf falls.