The Politics of Good Governance in Post-Authoritarian East Java: Intellectuals and Local Power in Indonesia By Airlangga Pribadi Kusman BA Political Science (Airlangga University, Indonesia) MSi Political Science (University of Indonesia, Indonesia) This Thesis is Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University Submitted November 2015 i I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution Airlangga Pribadi Kusman ii Acknowledgement This work was completed only with the support of many individuals. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Professor Vedi Hadiz and Associate Professor Shahar Hameiri for their continuous support for my work and their patience and immense knowledge. Their guidance helped me during all the time of research and in the writing of this thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to the Asia Research Centre professors and staff. Over the years I learnt a lot about academic perspectives from Prof. Kevin Hewison, Prof. David T. Hill, Dr. Jane Hutchison, Dr. Carol Warren, Prof. James Warren, Dr Jeffrey Wilson, Dr. Ian Wilson and Dr. Jacqui Baker. I would like to express my gratitude as well to Tamara Dent, Sia Kozlowski and Inga Scarpello for their guidance in dealing with administrative processes in the university. I have benefited greatly from discussions with and suggestions from my fellow students at the ARC, especially: Darmiyanti Muchtar, Dr. Charan Bal, Dr. Fabio Scarpello, Charlotte Min Ha Pham, Dr. Dirk Steenbergen, Nicole Andres, Roderick G. Orlina, Nurul Aini, Melissa Johnston, Shaomin Xu, Faris Al Fadhat, Sait Abdullah, Irwansyah, Abdil Mughis, Lukman-nul Hakim, Diswandi, Hikmawan Saefullah, Chu Minh Thao, Vitti Valenzuella – and Agung Wardhana, with whom I shared an office for many years. Of course, I remain forever indebted to the people of Surabaya and East Java for allowing me to explore the social relations between intellectuals and local power. I would like to express my appreciation to local political elites, businessmen, academicians, NGO activists, journalists, researchers and bureaucrats for welcoming me and providing precious data and information for my thesis. Among them are interviewees who requested their names not to be mentioned as well as some iii prominent actors whose identity I have concealed for their own wellbeing. The author also would also like to express my gratitude to my colleagues in Airlangga University, especially Prof Soetandyo Wignjosoebroto, Prof. Tjuk Kasturi Sukiadi, Basis I Susilo, Dr. Vincentio Dugis, Dr. Rachmah Ida, Dr. Dwi Windyastuti, Dr. Daniel Sparingga, Priyatmoko Dirdjosuseno, Prof. Dr. Ramlan Surbakti, Prof. Dr. Kacung Maridjan, Dr. Budi Prasetyo, Wisnu Pramutanto, Haryadi, Dr. Kris Nugroho, Soetrisno, Dr Siti Aminah, Hari Fitrianto, Fahrul Muzaqqi, Dr. Herlambang Perdana Wiratraman, Joeni Arianto Kurniawan, Joko Susanto, Novri Susan. This work was also accomplished with support of my beloved friends especially Dimas Oky Nugroho, Rosdiansyah, Dr. Sony Karsono, Natalia Laskowska, Dr. Ali White, Andri Arianto, Deddy Prihambudi,Iwan Nur Hidayat, Yohan Wahyu MSi, Nasrul Amri Latief, K.H.Muhammad Dhiyauddin Kuswandhi, Muhammad Faishal Aminuddin, Toga Sidauruk, Ridho Saiful Ashadi, Dr. Yudi Latif, Indah Nataprawira, Eva Kusuma Sundari,Lina Puryanti, Yudhi Rachman, Achmad Room Fitrianto, Josiah Giuvani, Dames Alexander Sinaga, Tio Evita Novriani, Nadia Lee. The author also acknowledges the generous support of the Indonesian Ministry of Education, which provided a graduate scholarship for three years along with Murdoch University, which gave me an additional year of scholarship until I submitted my dissertation. Last but not certainly least; my deepest appreciation goes to my family – my father (Soenaryo Kusman), mother (Noor Anna), sister (Airlanda Umaranty) and my partner (Aprilia Yahya) for their relentless support and encouragement over the years. I dedicate this work to my daughter Amartya Latifa Airlangga, who patiently waited for her father for four years with love and understanding. I am of course solely responsible for the analysis and conclusions of this study. iv Abstract The post-authoritarian period provides the socio-economic and political context within which good governance and democratic institutional building has taken place in Indonesia. As strategic actors in governance processes, intellectuals have significant roles in such institutional building. My thesis will uncover the socio- political role of intellectuals in East Java province, especially Surabaya, by utilising a political economy and political sociology analysis. The contribution of intellectuals to local governance processes and democratic politics in East Java is achieved not only through their roles as knowledge-producers and disseminators, but through their actions as participants in the struggle over power and wealth, as members of electoral campaign teams, local government advisers as well as propagandists. East Java intellectuals eased into taking up these roles because there had been no space for creating social bases for progressive forces in civil society under New Order authoritarianism. Hence, there was a strong tendency for East Java intellectuals to have been domesticated or co-opted into the structures of state corporatism. After the fall of Suharto and subsequent democratization, predatory forces previously incubated under the New Order have not been sustained through coercion only but also by hegemonic strategies carried out by an intellectual apparatchik, including academicians, journalists and NGO activists. Because democratic institutions have been dominated by politico-business alliances in national as well as in local political arenas, the practice of governance tends to be dictated by predatory interests, serving neither the cause of the free market nor of empowering ordinary people. The thesis shows that intellectuals play a role beyond producing or disseminating ideas. In fact, various kinds of intellectuals have become directly involved in practices that ensure v the mutation of the good governance agenda associated with decentralisation and democratisation into yet another instrument of predatory rule, including at the local level. vi Map of East Java Source: https://archipelagofastfact.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/peta-jatim.png vii viii Contents Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................... v Contents ....................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Argument and Approach .................................................................................. 3 1.3. Methodological Approach ............................................................................... 9 1.4. Thesis Structure ............................................................................................. 11 1.5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 13 Chapter Two: Intellectuals and the Politics of Good Governance: Theoretical Considerations ....................................................................................... 16 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 16 2.2. Intellectuals and Power Struggles .................................................................. 18 2.3. Intellectuals and Governance: Theoretical Approaches ................................ 24 2.3.1. The Neo-Institutional Approach .......................................................... 25 2.3.2. The Neo-Foucauldian Critique: Knowledge and Power ...................... 35 2.3.3. The Neo-Gramscian Critique: A New Imperialist Logic? ................... 40 2.3.4. The Embedded Social Conflict Approach ............................................ 46 2.4. Intellectuals and Power Struggles in Comparative Perspective .................... 49 2.3.2. Intellectuals and power in United Kingdom and the United States ..... 50 2.3.3. Intellectuals and Power Struggles in Latin America ............................ 54 2.3.4. Intellectuals and social struggle in South East Asia ............................. 57 2.4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 59 ix Chapter Three: Historical Context of the Relationship between East Javanese Intellectuals and the Political Elite .................................................. 64 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 64 3.2. The Early New Order era (1966-1972) .......................................................... 65 3.2.1. The Political Economy Constellation of the Transition Period into the New Order Era ........................................................................ 66 3.2.2. Hegemony and Repression in the Early New Order Era .....................