1 THE FUNCTIONS, POSITIONS AND MEANINGS OF FOR AND TO PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN JEANETTE WINTERSON’S SEXING THE CHERRY AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By MAYA ELFRIDA SIANIPAR Student Number: 034214126 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007 i 2 A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE FUNCTIONS, POSITIONS AND MEANINGS OF FOR AND TO PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN JEANETTE WINTERSON’S SEXING THE CHERRY ii 3 A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE FUNCTIONS, POSITIONS AND MEANINGS OF FOR AND TO PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN JEANETTE WINTERSON’S SEXING THE CHERRY By MAYA ELFRIDA SIANIPAR iii 4 iv 5 v 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first thing to say is that I am very thankful and grateful, and that I praise my Greatest God, Jesus Christ for blessing me all the time especially when I feel so exhausted of writing this thesis. Moreover, I owe so much gratitude to many people in the effort of finishing this thesis. Certainly, the gratitude is given to Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A., my advisor, who has guided me in this thesis writing process. Afterward, I would like to thank my co-advisor, J. Harris H.Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum., who had read and checked this thesis carefully. I would like to express the deep gratitude as well as the high respect to my beloved family. The special credit goes to my wise and intelligent father, P. P. Sianipar, S. H., my lovely mother, B. Sitinjak, my only one sister, Elisabeth Sianipar, and my brothers, Richo Sianipar and Willy Sianipar. You are all the best in my life. I believe that you always pray for my success. Thank you very much! I would like also to express thanks to all my friends in Sanata Dharma University, especially “Angkatan 2003” class D, Ike, Cisil, Yacko-Stella, Dean- Simin, Abiet, Tio, Clara, Sondang, and Agnes. “Thank you for the smile and laugh you gave to me”. For my five closest friends, Aning, Deny, Merry, Mitha, and Nining, who are always there when I need to be accompanied, thank you, friends! vi vii7 I also thank Witman Gultom, who has helped me in writing the analysis of my thesis. I also will not forget to thank all crews of TDB Yogyakarta for the sweet moments we already had. I hope we will always be in contact wherever we are. Finally, for all people I cannot mention here who always support me, thank you very much. Maya Elfrida Sianipar 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………... i APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................ iii MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................... iv DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENS ………………………………………………… viii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………. ix ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………… x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………… 3 C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………… 4 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………..4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………… 6 A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………….... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………….. 8 1. Theory of Prepositions ……………………………... 9 2. Theory of Phrases ………………………………………21 3. Theory of Clauses ………………………………………22 C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………… 23 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………… 25 A. Object of the Study …………………………………………... 25 B. Approach of the Study …………………………………….. 25 C. Method of the Study …………………………………………..26 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………….. 28 A. The functions of prepositional phrases with for and to ………. 28 B. The positions of prepositional phrases with for and to ………. 36 C. The meanings of prepositions for and to as used in prepositional phrases ………………………………. 44 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………. 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….. 56 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 58 A. Prepositional Phrases with for and their contexts ....................... 58 B. Prepositional Phrases with to and their contexts ……………….. 62 viii 9 ABSTRACT MAYA ELFRIDA SIANIPAR. The Functions, Positions and Meanings of for and to Prepositional Phrases in Jeanette Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2007 The prepositions are one of word classes which are commonly used in English. There are more than 100 prepositions in English, some of which seem equal, for examples the prepositions for and to. Both prepositions, in fact, are not really equal. They might have differences in functions, positions, and meanings. The differences between the prepositions which seem equal, for and to, in functions, positions, and meanings are the reasons why the writer has chosen both prepositions as the topic of this thesis, especially the prepositions for and to which show time, place, and movement. The source of the data is a novel written by Jeanette Winterson, Sexing the Cherry. The theories used in this analysis are the theories of prepositions, phrases, and clauses. There are three problems that are going to be answered in this thesis; they are the functions of prepositional phrases with for and to, the positions of prepositional phrases with for and to and the meaning of the prepositions for and to contained in the prepositional phrases as used in the novel Sexing the Cherry. The data are the phrases and clauses which have the prepositions for and to in the novel Sexing the Cherry taken randomly. The data collection and the data analysis took place simultaneously; first, the data were collected, by signing the samples to be taken, the prepositional phrases with for and to, and then classified the data by considering the circumstances around both prepositions in order to find out the prepositional phrases which show time, place, and movement. Then they are analyzed to find the functions, the positions of the prepositional phrases with for and to, and also to find the meanings of each preposition. After doing the steps in the method of the study, the writer found that prepositional phrases with for can function as an adjunct and a post modifier of a noun phrase, while prepositional phrases with to can function as an adjunct, a post modifier of a noun phrase, a complementation of a verb, and as a complementation of an adjective. The positions can be owned by both prepositions are in initial, medial and final (end) position. The meanings of preposition for which show time are duration or the length of the time, occasion, and target; to show place, preposition for can mean target, position, and distance. The preposition to which shows time can indicate the time (before an exact hour on the clock), continuity, and target; to introduce place, this preposition can mean positions, target, and distance. Moreover, to show movement, preposition to means from starting point to destination. ix 10 ABSTRAK MAYA ELFRIDA SIANIPAR. The Functions, Positions and Meanings of for and to Prepositional Phrases in Jeanette Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007. Kata depan merupakan salah satu kelompok kata yang sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Terdapat lebih dari 100 kata depan dalam bahasa Inggris, dan beberapa diantaranya terlihat sama, sebagai contoh adalah kata depan for dan to. Kedua kata depan tersebut pada kenyataanya tidak benar-benar sama. Kedua kata depan tersebut berbeda dalam fungsi, posisi, dan arti. Perbedaan antara kata depan yang terlihat sama, for dan to, dalam fungsi, posisi, dan arti inilah yang menjadi alasan penulis memilih kata depan for dan to sebagai topik skripsi ini, khususnya yang digunakan sebagai penunjuk waktu, tempat, dan perpindahan. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah novel karya Jeanette Winterson, Sexing the Cherry. Teori-teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain: teori kata depan, teori frasa dan teori klausa. Terdapat tiga masalah yang akan dibahas dalam skripsi ini, yaitu: fungsi dari frasa yang mengandung kata depan for dan to, posisi frasa yang mengandung kata depan for dan to, dan arti masing masing kata depan dalam frasa yang terdapat dalam novel Sexing the Cherry. Data yang digunakan adalah frasa dan klausa yang mengandung kata depan for dan to di dalam novel Sexing the Cherry. Pengumpulan dan penelitian data dilakukan secara serentak; langkah pertama dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data dengan cara memberi tanda data yang akan diteliti, frasa dengan kata depan for dan to, dan kemudian data dikelompokkan dengan cara menganalisis lingkungan disekitar kata depan tersebut untuk memperoleh kata depan yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu, tempat, dan perpindahan. Kemudian frasa yang mengandung kedua kata depan tersebut dianalisis untuk mendapatkan fungsi, posisi frasa yang mengandung kata depan for dan to, dan arti masing-msing kata depan. Penulis menemukan bahwa frasa dengan kata depan for dapat berfungsi sebagai sebuah keterangan dan frasa yang menerangkan sebuah frasa kata benda; sedangkan frasa dengan kata depan to dapat berfungsi sebagai keterangan, frasa yang menerangkan sebuah frasa kata benda, pelengkap kata sifat, dan juga sebagai pelengkap sebuah kata kerja. Posisi yang dapat ditempati kedua kata depan tersebut