Philosophy of Defensive Rules and its Impacts on Modern Era (In the light of Seerat un Nabi Hazrat Muhammad (PEACE BE UPON HIM)) Session: 2017-2020 Ph.D scholar Supervisor Maria Wahid Dr. Hafiz Iftikhar Ahmad Reg. No. 49/IU.PhD/2017 Associate Professor Department of Islamic Studies Faculty of Islamic Learning Department of Islamic Studies The Islamia University of Bahawalpur PAKISTAN 2020 ii Dedication One who is the reason for the creation of this universe And the survivor of humanity "THE HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD B.P.U.H" Khatam-un-Nabiyyin And Those who are my everything My parents Whose prayers protect me in trouble And bring me at the stage Where I am now iii AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I, Maria Wahid Ph.D. scholar in the department of Islamic Studies at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Session 2017-2020) is hereby declare that the research work entitled "Philosophy of Defensive Rules and its impacts on Modern Era: In the light of Seerat un Nabi Hazrat Muhammad (PEACE BE UPON HIM)" is done by me and has not been submitted or published earlier. Maria Wahid Ph.D. scholar (Islamic studies) iv APPROVAL CERTIFICATE It is certified that the work presented by Maria Wahid entitled "Philosophy of Defensive Rules and its impacts on Modern era (In the light of Seerat un Nabi Hazrat Muhammad (PEACE BE UPON HIM))"is done under my supervision for the award of Ph.D. (Islamic studies) degree. She is eligible for submission of thesis under the rules and regulations of department as well as of university. The material used by her is original. Dr Hafiz Iftikhar Ahmad Associate Professor (Supervisor PhD Thesis) Department of Islamic Studies Faculty of Islamic Learning The Islamia University of Bahawalpur v Philosophy of Defensive Rules and its Impacts on Modern Era (In the light of Seerat un Nabi Hazrat Muhammad (PEACE BE UPON HIM)) Abstract The whole Universe and its ins and outs are goal oriented by God for Human being. He is a master piece by God, for him the whole world is created just because to prove his self. The whole managed system of universe is being prove that someone the most powerful is driving that balanced system for some generated purposes. For achievement of that purposes God sent his prophet by assigning some specific duties like reforming believes of humanity for developing harmonic society (is the most important duty of prophet). For achieving that, prophet struggle a lot and bear tough hurdles relating to all domains of life. Change can‘t be accepted at ones, Worldly Gods attacks by every means to reject and defeat their oppositions who challenge their worldly Authority. At this stage the question raises by truth (facts) about its survival, now the time God gives guided instructions to prophet for every field of life how to defend with rules for survival. Philosophy of defense is as older as the man itself as that is an innate right of human being, if not full filled by some worldly powers the definite rules made for it. Last prophet the reformer Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) bestowed to this world at the time when Values and believes of Islam were being destroyed and defense was needed for establishment of Islam now same zeal required for the survival of Islam. When advices didn't work the force by state involve to complete the required task. Last prophet done his job by declaring defensive rules very gracefully and elegantly to accomplish a peace ful and God's expected society, yet practicing till the last day. Islam and Muslim ummah is fighting his war of survival in this nuclear and globally chipped modern world, the same condition Muslims are being faced now a day‘s which was faced at the initial stage of Islam. So Muslim ummah and modern world need to know the ethics and rules of defense for cope down the smart and notorious issues of life in the light of Seerat un Nabi Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him), The last prophet who was came just to teach the humanity, the Final God guided road map of balanced life leading to last day. vi Acknowledgements I pay gratitude to Allah Almighty who bestowed his blessings upon me for completing this research work Special thanks to my parents for their support and prayers May they be blessed by the Allah Almighty, and their shadow remain forever over my head. I feel extremely thankful to my respectable supervisor Dr. Hafiz Iftikhar Ahmad. He provided valuable guidance and support in order to accomplish this research work. May Allah give him more strength for serving the humanity as it is resembles to prophet's work and will also. In last I want to thankful the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan to give me a chance to enjoy the phenomenon of knowledge and research being a scholar of Ph.D Islamic studies, and all the management and clerical staff of the department of Islamic studies for their cooperation. In last I want to do Special thanks to my son Muhammad Hassan khan (8 months old) whose smile engaged my so much that the work of days completed in months, May Allah bless him healthy long life. Ameen Maria Wahid Ph.D. scholar (Islamic studies) vii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 1 1THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF A STATE 1 1.1 SECTION:1 WESTERNS THEORIES 1 1.1.1INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.2 DIFFERENCE: 1 1.1.3 THEORIES 3 1.1.3.1OLDEST THEORY: 3 1.1.3.2 HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATION: 3 1.1.3.3 THE NATURAL THEORY: 3 1.1.3.4 THE PATRIARCHAL THEORY: 4 1.1.3.5 THE MATRIARCHAL THEORY: 4 1.1.3.6 FORCE THEORY OF THE STATE: 4 1.1.3.7 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THIS THEORY: 5 1.1.3.8 CRITICISMS OF THE THEORY: 6 1.1.3.9 THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY: 6 1.1.3.9 PLATO'S POINT OF VIEW: 8 1.1.3.10 ARISTOTLE'S POINT OF VIEW: 10 1.1.3.11 MARXIAN THEORY OF THE STATE: 10 1.1.3.12 ANARCHISM'S VIEW: 11 1.1.3.13 PLURALISM'S VIEW: 11 1.1.3.14 ISLAMIC THEORY: 11 1.1.3.15 AL-FARABI'S POINT OF VIEW: 11 1.1.3.16 ALLAMA IQBAL'S POINT OF VIEW: 13 1.1.4 BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE STATE: 13 1.1.4.1 TERRITORY: 14 1.1.4.2 GOVERNMENT: 14 1.1.4.3 SOVEREIGNTY: 15 1.1.4.4 CITIZENSHIP: 16 1.1 ORIGIN OF ISLAMIC STATE AND ITS PROPERTIES 17 1.1.1 KHILAFA AND IMMAMT: 19 1.1.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE OFFICE OF KHILAFAH: 20 1.1.3 PROTECTION OF PROPERTY: 24 viii 1.1.4 PROTECTION OF HONOR: 24 1.1.5 PROHIBITION FROM MISCHIEF: 25 1.1.6 WHAT IS THE ISLAMIC STATE? 26 1.1.7 BASIC PRINCIPLES 30 1.1.8 THE AIM: 30 1.1.9 SOVEREIGNTY: QURAN SAYS: 31 1.1.10 HEAD OF THE STATE: 32 1.1.11 CITIZENSHIP: 34 1.1.12 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM: 34 1.1.13 PERSONAL FREEDOM: 35 1.1.14 THE CITY STATE OF MEDINA: 35 CHAPTER 2 39 2DEFENSE PHILOSOPHY OF ISLAMIC AND NON-ISLAMIC STATE 39 2.1 SECTION 1: THEORY OF DEFENSE 39 2.1.1 DEFENSE: 39 2.1.2 ORGANIZATIONAL DEFENSE POLICY AND STRATEGY: 42 2.1.3 NATURE OF ISLAMIC DEFENSE: 44 2.1.4 DEFENSIVE WAR: 46 2.1.5 DEFENSE AS A DUTY: 47 2.1.6 FORMS OF DEFENSIVE WARFARE: 50 2.1.7 SELF DEFENSE: 58 2.1.8 DEFENSE AS A PROTECTION RIGHT: 59 2.1.9 NATURE OF SELF-DEFENSE AND ITS VALIDITY: 61 2.1.10 NATURAL LAW THEORY FOR SELF DEFENSE: 62 2.1.11 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY FOR SELF-DEFENSE: 62 2.1.12 THE CONFLICT THEORY: 62 2.1.13 THE SPIRITUAL OBLIGATION THEORY: 63 2.1.14 ISLAMIC LAW THEORY: 63 2.1.15 LESS HARMFUL RESULTS THEORY: 64 2.1.16 ABILITY TO BLAME THE OFFENDER THEORY: 64 2.1.17 THEORY OF AGGRESSOR‘S RESPONSIBILITY: 65 2.1.18 LEGAL BASE FOR SELF-DEFENSE: 66 2.1.19 THE DEFENSE OF ONE‘S LIFE UNDER ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE: 69 2.1.20 THE DEFENSE OF HONOR UNDER ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE: 69 ix 2.1.21 SOCIAL DEFENSE: 71 2.1.22 MILITARY DEFENSE: 76 2.2 SECTION 2: DEFENSIVE POLICIES IN ISLAMIC AND NON-ISLAMIC STATES 78 2.2.1 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEFENSIVE POLICIES OF MUSLIM STATE 80 2.2.2 COMPLETION OF NATURE'S LAW: 80 2.2.3 PROVIDENCE OF HUMAN DEMANDS: 83 2.2.4 BOOST UP HUMAN BEINGS ON THEIR DUTIES 84 2.2.5 UNITY AMONG HUMANITY 85 2.2.6 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEFENSIVE POLICIES OF NON-MUSLIM STATE 86 2.2.7 SUPERIORITY OF NATION STATE: 86 2.2.8 EXPANSION OF THE STATE: 87 2.2.9 NO CONCEPT OF HUMAN ETHICS: 88 2.2.10 SAFETY OF NATIONAL BENEFITS: 89 CHAPTER 3 91 3 COMPARISON OF DEFENSIVE LAWS 91 3.1 SECTION 1: INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWS 91 3.1.1 LAW OF WAR 91 3.1.2 INTERNATIONAL LAWS OF WAR: 92 3.1.3 GENEVA AND HAGUE LAWS MEANS: 93 3.1.4 THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER : 95 3.1.5 NEW WORLD ORDER: 98 3.1.6 MODERN LAWS OF WAR 99 3.1.7 LIMITS OF IHL: 102 3.1.8 UNITED NATION DECLARATION OF MINIMUM HUMANITARIAN STANDARDS 102 3.1.9 HISTORY OF EUROPEAN LAWS OF WAR: 104 3.2 DEFENSIVE ASPECT BY HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (PBUH) KHATAM-UN-NABIYYIN 109 3.2.1 MIGRATION: A SUCCESSFUL DEFENSIVE DECISION 111 3.2.2 THEORETICALLY DEFENSE: 114 3.2.3 THE HOLY PROPHET (PBUH) KHATAM-UN-NABIYYIN COMPILED A CHARTER 115 3.2.4 TACTICS FOLLOWED IN GHAZWA BADR: 119 3.2.5 GHAZWA E UHAD: 119 6.2.3 GHAZWA E KHANDAK: A BEST DEFENSIVE WAR 120 3.2.7 CONQUEST OF MAKKAH: 121 3.2.8 GHAZWA E HUNAIN: 123 x 3.2.9 PROPHET MUHAMMAD(PBUH) KHATAM-UN-NABIYYIN'S LAST SERMON: 124 3.2.10 DEFENSIVE RULES FOLLOWED BY CALIPHS: 125 3.2.11 DEFENSIVE RULES BY HOLY PROPHET (PBUH) KHATAM-UN-NABIYYIN : 126 3.2.12 ETHICAL RULES BY HOLY PROPHET(PBUH) KHATAM-UN-NABIYYIN 136 3.2.13 THE STRATEGICALLY STRUGGLES OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD(PBUH) KHATAM-UN- NABIYYIN 143 CHAPTER 4 155 DEFENSIVE ASPECT OF MODERN ERA 155 4.1 CURRENT POLITICAL PHENOMENON OF MODERN WORLD 155 4.1.1 FOUNDATIONS OF DEMOCRACY: 160 4.1.2 SECULARISM : 161 4.1.3 HISTORICAL FACTORS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY 162 4.1.4 EFFECTS OF FRENCH REVOLUTION: 163 4.1.5 EFFECTS OF MODERN EUROPE: 165 4.2 IMPACTS OF DEFENSIVE THOUGHT IN PRESENT ERA 168 4.2.1 CHALLENGES FOR MUSLIMS IN THE MODERN WORLD 175 4.2.2 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR DEFENDING ISLAM AND MUSLIM UMMAH 181 4.3 IMPACTS OF DEFENSIVE RULES ON MODERN ERA: 188 4.3.1 HISTORICAL IMPACTS IN ARAB: 190 4.3.2 IMPACTS ON INTERNATIONAL LAW: 190 4.3.3 POLITICAL IMPACTS: 192 4.3.4 ETHICAL IMPACTS: 196 4.4 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS: 200 CONCLUSION: 209 5.1.1 RECOMMENDATIONS: 211 INDEXES 212 LIST OF QURANIC VERSES 213 LIST OF HADITHS 216 LIST OF PERSONALITIES 218 LIST OF PLACES 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 224 xi Preface Introduction: In This research the Philosophy of defensive rules will be discuss in the light of Seerah.