Final Report: The Presence and Distribution of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming by: Kerry Murphya Tiffany Potterb James Halfpennyc Kerry Gunthera Tildon Jonesa Peter Lundbergd aYellowstone Center for Resources, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; b Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; [email protected]; cA Naturalist's World, P.O. Box 989, Gardiner, MT 59030; [email protected]; d Division of Science and Resources Management, Glacier National Park, West Glacier, MT, 59936; [email protected]. Acknowledgements We are indebted to the following volunteers for their contributions: Mike Campbell, Pam Clark, Michael Curtis, Troy Davis, Jeff Duckett, Geoff Faerber, Ken Fortenberry, Jason Froggat, Chris Geremia, Ann Grodnik, Jeff Henry, Jason Hicks, Daniel Kirkhhoff, Johnathan Kitchens, Emily Klein, Ivan Kowski, Jeff Larkin, Isabelle Laudon, Mike McCain, Dana McClure, Lina Miller, Richard Moore, James Morey, Chris Muller, Cosrsin Mueller, Monica Paulson, Mike Paulsmeyer Elliot Pickering, Terri Reese, Jason Schmidt, Germa′n Solveira, Kevin Schneider, Andy Strattman, Janice Stroud, Todd Seliga, Scott Watson, Andy Weidmann, Craig Whitman, Jim Williams, Jenny Wolfe, Kerri Wolfson, Yulin Wu, Jim Zettel, and members of the Yellowstone Youth Conservation Corp., summer 2001. Justin Hadwen and Nate Berg put in many long field days that were key to the success of the project. We also thank Erin Bentley, Pat Bigelow, Susan Chin, Michael Curtis, Darren Ireland, Doug Kraus, Kevin Schneider, John Treanor, and Brian Wheat for field support. Many thanks to Bob Flather who found many tedious historical records in ranger station logbooks. Dr. Peter Dratch, NPS Biological Resources Management Division, kindly provided funding support for analysis of hair samples at the Carnivore Conservation Genetics Laboratory. Cathie Jean, Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network, provided funding support for two vehicles during the summer of 2003. We are grateful to Kevin Frey, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, who analyzed the contents our Canada lynx scats at no charge. Michael Keator, Lake Sub-district Ranger deserves tremendous kudos for his overall support. He acted as instructor of winter survival courses, allowed ranger staff to participate in lynx surveys, gave guidance for backcountry operations and always provided hot coffee or home brew after winter ski trips. We also thank the following ranger and maintenance staff for assisting with surveys, or providing additional training or logistical support: Joe Bueter, Brian Chan, Trevor Clark Pete Dalton, Jessie Farias, Rick Fey, Bonnie Gafney, Rachael Gray, Lloyd Kortge, Steve Krumm, John Lounsbury, Craig McClure, Paul Miller, Steve Miller, George Monroe, Rick Mossman, Patrick Perrotti, Bundy Phillips, Dave Phillips, Eric Reinertson, Dan Reinhart, Alison Robb, Dave Ross, Mike Ross, Tara Ross, Alice Siebecker, Mary Tabor, Lance Tyson, Boone Vandzura, Matt Vandzura, Kim Wells, Roger Whiteside, and Gary Youngblood. We are very grateful to the numerous mechanics who frequently saved our daily field operations by fixing snowmobiles on short notice. We also thank Ron Johnson, Gallatin National Forest Avalanche Center, Bozeman, MT, who provided avalanche hazards training. Special acknowledgements are extended to Joy Perius, Colleen Watson, and Glenn Plumb for their project support. We also thank the numerous staff at the Yellowstone Foundation, especially Lisa Diekmann, Kezha Hatier-Riess, and Kristi Mills, for fundraising and administering the project. Without the consistent efforts of all these individuals the project would not have been possible. We are indebted to Kristie Pilgrim and her colleagues at the Rocky Mountain Research Station for extracting DNA and identifying hair samples. Kristie was a joy to work with because of her 2 positive attitude and professionalism. John Malloy, U.S. Forest Service, Missoula, was consistently helpful in accounting for and preparing hair samples. Special thanks to Dr. John Squires, Jay Colbe, Dan Haskel, and Shannon Connolly, Rocky Mountain Research Station, for taking the time and effort to provide track identification training at their Seeley Lake, Montana, study area. Thanks to Bob Oakleaf, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and Kate Kendall, U.S. Geological Survey, reviewed our project study plan and provided helpful guidance as the project unfolded. Funding for this project was graciously provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, National Park Foundation, Yellowstone Park Foundation, The Bernice Barbour Foundation, Campfire Conservation Fund, the Park Foundation, Earth Friends, Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee, and the National Park Service. Many thanks to vendors who reduced equipment costs for the project, including Barrel Mountaineering, Patagonia, Mountain Hardware, Clif Bar, Outdoor Research, and Dana Designs. Big Sky Resort, MT, provided complimentary passes to hone telemark skills, a generous gift to project volunteers. 3 Introduction Americans find the Canada lynx to be mysterious and valuable because of its secretiveness, life history association with snowshoe hares, and unique morphological adaptations. Like top carnivores such as gray wolves (Canis lupus), Canada lynx may also structure ecological communities through effects on herbivorous prey species (Eisenberg 1989). Due to its limited distribution in the continuous 48 states and specific association with boreal forests, deep snow, and snowshoe hares, the Canada lynx may be a sensitive indicator of adverse anthropogenic effects. In 2000, the Canada lynx was federally listed as a threatened species in the conterminous U.S., primarily because national forest plans lacked adequate regulatory mechanisms to protect the species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2000). Very little is known about the distribution of Canada lynx and its ecological requirements in the park. The species historically occupied the area, but appears to have been uncommon relative to similarly sized forest carnivores such as red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (Grinnell 1876, Blackburn 1879, Schullery and Whittlesey 1992, Consolo-Murphy and Meagher 1995, Halfpenny et al. 1999). Seton (1898), who distinguished between Canada lynx and bobcat, noted that Canada lynx were “somewhat common in the woods,” and that Superintendent George S. Anderson believed they were “quite common.” Bailey (1930) stated that Canada lynx “were said to be common and generally distributed throughout the timbered region.” Skinner (1927) said “probably this cat has always existed in limited numbers in the Park, where it frequents the forests of the plateau region. I believe there are about ten individuals present and that the number has not changed materially for years.” The Yellowstone National Park files contain records of 73 direct or indirect (tracks) observations of Canada lynx made by park visitors or employees from 1887–2003. The distribution of sightings suggests a park-wide distribution for the species historically, but as expected, sightings were concentrated along roads where visitor activity was greatest. Park sighting records contain considerable bias and inaccuracy due to variability among observers and other factors (Consolo-Murphy and Meager 1995). In addition, we found 34 new references to Canada lynx observations (tracks or direct observations) in ranger log books (Yellowstone National Park archives) dating 1895–1926, including at least six individuals killed in the park. This new information suggests that historically, Canada lynx were not necessarily rare. Recent listing as a threatened species and lack of comprehensive survey data in the park underscored the need for basic information on Canada lynx. Inventory data are essential to avoid adverse effects of park management activities such as road reconstruction and to support joint conservation planning efforts among federal and state agencies. In response to the dearth of information, we initiated a park-wide survey with the objective of documenting Canada lynx presence and distribution in the park from 2001–2004. Methods Prime habitat and park sectors —We focused snow tracking and hair-snare detection surveys in prime habitats (PHs) for Canada lynx. PHs were identified based on their potential to support snowshoe hares, the primary prey of Canada lynx, using cover types described for Yellowstone National Park (Mattson and Despain 1985) (Table 1; Figure 1). Cover types were included or excluded as PH based on Quinn and Parker (1987), Sullivan and Sullivan (1988), Major (1989), 4 Koehler (1990), Koehler and Brittell (1990), Murray et al. (1994), Staples (1995), Poole et al. (1996), and Mowat et al. (2000). PHs typically included spruce-fir (Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands in climax, late, middle, or pigmy (wind-blown and snow-free) stages; aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands; and willow (Salix sp.) shrub fields in riparian zones. Lodgepole pine stands in early successional stages, typically less than 180 cm in height that emerged from sites burned between 1977 and the present, were eliminated as PH because snow pack typically reduced horizontal and vertical cover available to prey and predators (Sullivan and Sullivan 1988, Koehler 1990). We also eliminated 1) the northern winter range in Yellowstone National Park because it was extensively surveyed for