History of Genetics in Evolution Joe Felsenstein GENOME 453, Winter 2004 History of Genetics in Evolution { p.1/26 The Great Chain of Being (1600's onward) Deity Angels Man Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish Insects Worms Protists Issues: placement of birds, insects not obvious. A scale of complexity? Or what? History of Genetics in Evolution { p.2/26 Karl Linné (Carolus Linnaeus) (1707-1778) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.3/26 Monophyly Monophyletic: having a common ancestor which is not the ancestor of any of the other species being discussed. History of Genetics in Evolution { p.4/26 A phylogeny of the living Craniata Amphioxus Hagfish Lamprey Sharks, Rays Bony fishes Coelacanth Lungfish Salamanders Frogs Turtles Tuatara Snakes, Lizards Crocodilians Birds Mammals History of Genetics in Evolution { p.5/26 Vertebrates as a monophyletic group Lamprey Sharks, Rays Bony fishes Coelacanth Lungfish Salamanders Frogs Turtles Tuatara Snakes, Lizards Crocodilians Birds Amphioxus Mammals Hagfish History of Genetics in Evolution { p.6/26 Reptiles and fishes are paraphyletic groups Turtles Amphioxus Bony fishes Hagfish Birds Snakes, Lizards Salamanders Coelacanth Lamprey Mammals Crocodilians Frogs Lungfish Sharks, Rays Tuatara History of Genetics in Evolution { p.7/26 Buffon George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.8/26 Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.9/26 Lamarck's mechanism for evolution In Philosophie Zoologique, 1809. Organisms' characters are altered by the effects of use and disuse. These changes are passed on to descendants by inheritance of acquired characters. Note that Lamarck did not originate “Lamarckian inheritance": it was something everyone believed in at that time. History of Genetics in Evolution { p.10/26 Statue of Lamarck in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris History of Genetics in Evolution { p.11/26 Goeffroy versus Cuvier Etienne Georges Geoffroy St. Lèopole Hilaire Chrètien (1772-1844) Frèdèric Dagobert, Baron Cuvier (1769-1832) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.12/26 Memorials in Paris Fountain on corner of Rue Lamarck / Rue Darwin Rue Linné and Rue Cuvier History of Genetics in Evolution { p.13/26 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.14/26 The Naturphilosophen The Naturphilosophen and Evolutionary views Ape Ape Monkey Monkey Mouse Mouse Reptile Reptile Amphibian Amphibian Fish Fish common developmental pathway evolutionary tree Note − The picture here is very much a Great Chain of Being History of Genetics in Evolution { p.15/26 Charles Darwin (1809-1882) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.16/26 Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) in 1869 History of Genetics in Evolution { p.17/26 Fleeming Jenkin Fleeming Jenkin (1833-1885) Fleeming Jenkin Building University of Edinburgh History of Genetics in Evolution { p.18/26 Blending inheritance and selection Result of natural selection in the presence of blending inheritance 10 8 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 Value of characterHistory of Genetics in Evolution { p.19/26 The Biometricians Francis Galton (1822-1911) Karl Pearson 1857-1936) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.20/26 Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.21/26 Mendel in his school The faculty at Mendel's monastery school (Mendel is top center-right with flower) History of Genetics in Evolution { p.22/26 Rediscoverers of Mendel Carl Correns Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg Hugo De Vries History of Genetics in Evolution { p.23/26 Founders of theoretical population genetics R. A. Fisher J. B. S. Haldane Sewall Wright History of Genetics in Evolution { p.24/26 Popularizers of the Neodarwinian Synthesis Ernst Mayr George Gaylord Simpson Sir Julian Huxley G. Ledyard Stebbins Theodosius Dobzhansky History of Genetics in Evolution { p.25/26 How it was done This projection produced using the prosper style in LaTeX, using Latex to make a .dvi file, using dvips to turn this into a Postscript file, using ps2pdf to mill a PDF file, and displaying the slides in Adobe Acrobat Reader. Result: nice slides using freeware. History of Genetics in Evolution { p.26/26.