How to Approach?

How to Approach?

How to approach? นพ. พรชยั สถิรปัญญา สาขาประสาทวิทยา ภาคอายรุ ศาสตร ์ มอ. Objectives • Describe anatomy of motor system • Determine cardinal symptoms and signs of m weakness • Localization by clinical characteristics approach • Essential diagnostic investigations Scope and topics • Terminology • Anatomy • Cardinal symptoms & signs • How to approach weakness • Differential diagnosis • Diagnostic investigations • Cases scenarios Terminology Muscle power • Weakness: powerlessness revealed by an inability to act(power) • Fatigue: temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard or continuous physical or mental work(endurance) • Malaise: physical discomfort (as mild sickness or depression) http:etdict.com/index 08/04/13 Terminology Muscle tone Muscle size • Hypertonia: • hypertrophy spasticity • hypotrophy rigidity Muscle power (gr1-5) • Hypotonia: Muscle consistency e.g. tough/ tight or flaccidity loose Anatomy • Central Nervous System cortical motor neurons Cortico-spinal (pyramidal ) tracts spinal motor neurons • Peripheral Nervous System spinal nerve roots peripheral nerves neuro-muscular junctions muscles Motor cortex & Homunculus Corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts Crossed corticospinal tracts Motor neurons (Ant. horn cells) Neuro-muscular Junction J Clin Invest 2006;116; 2843-54 Cardinal symptoms and signs • Monoparesis • Bibrachial paresis* • Hemiparesis* • Hemiplegia (paresis) alternan* • Paraparesis • Symmetrical proximal** • Triparesis muscle weakness • Quadriparesis • Symmetrical distal muscle weakness** Remarks * CNS lesions • Occulomtor/bulbar ** PNS lesions muscle weakness UMN lesions • CN3 Anatomical localization Monoparesis LE Hemiparesis UE>LE Hemiparesis UE=LE Hemiplegia alternan CN3 Lt. +Rt. hemiparesis (Weber’s syndrome) CN7 LMN Lt. + Rt. hemiparesis Para/quadriplegia(paresis) + leveled PPs & JPs loss + bowel&bladder involved Bibrachial paresis (LMN) + spastic paparesis (UMN) + suspended PPs loss but intact JPs ! Hemicord syndrome (Brown-Sequard syndrome) Ipsilateral weakness (UE-LMN; LE- LMN/UMN) + ipsilateral JPs loss + contralateral hypalgesia Bibrachial paresis (LMN) + spastic paraparesis (UMN) But Intact both PPs & JPs LMN lesions Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) neuropathy Myasthenia myopathy Gravis (MG) Quiz 1 Strategies for clinical approach Differential diagnosis anatomical sites of muscle weakness 1: Where are the lesions? UMN LMN Monoparesis Hemiparesis Paraparesis Triparesis Quadriparesis Differential diagnosis anatomical sites of muscle weakness 1: Answers UMN LMN Monoparesis parasagittal brain neuropathy, muscle Hemiparesis hemispheric brain Paraparesis spinal cord, bilateral polyneuropathy parasagittal brain (myelin / axonopathy) cauda equina Triparesis cervical spc. mutiple neuropathy Quadriparesis cervical spc, bilateral polyneuropathy brain lesions (demyelination) Differential diagnosis anatomical sites of muscle weakness 2:Where are the lesions? UMN LMN Bibrachial paresis Hemiplegia (paresis) alternan Symmetrical proximal muscle weakness Symmetrical distal muscle weakness Differential diagnosis anatomical sites of muscle weakness 2: Answers UMN LMN Bibrachial paresis cervical spc. motor neuron dis (MND) Hemiplegia (paresis) Brain stem alternan (pons & mid brain) Symmetrical MND, Polyneuropathy proximal muscle (demyelination), weakness NMJ dis., myopathy Symmetrical distal Polyneuropathy muscle weakness (axonopathy), distal myopathy Special groups of m weakness • Occulomotor/ levator palpebrae m. - NMJ: Myasthenia Gravis - Peripheral N: GBS Variants (eg. Miller Fisher syndrome) - Muscles: Chronic progressive external opthalmoplegia (CPEO) : Occulopharyngeal m. dystrophy Special groups of m weakness • Pharyngeal (bulbar) m. - NMJ: Myasthenia Gravis - Peripheral N: Guillain-Barre’ syndrome - Muscles: Occulopharyngeal m. dystrophy Motor neuron disease (ALS, MND, PLS) -generalized m. weakness and atrophy (UE>LE m.) - tongue atrophy - bulbar m. weakness (dysphagia/dysphonia) - fasciculation - spastic hypertonia LEs* ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis MND: motor neuron disease PLS: primary lateral sclerosis Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Cardinal symptom is fatigability Muscle diseases: Inherited vs. acquired Which type of myopathy dose Pop-Eye have ? Duchenne muscular dystrophy Lower limbs of an adult(Pseudo)Hypertrophy male with Becker muscular dystrophy showing of calf proximal muscles wasting and calf. How to localize lesions • Recognize & classify pattern of m. weakness • Matching pattern of weakness to possible neurological sites (one or more) • Differentiation by other associated neurological symptoms & signs (UMN/LMN) Cautions! :Acute injury to UMN structures have initially flaccid, hypo-reflexive m. weakness :Prox.Muscle weakness is not absolutely “Myopathy” Investigations UMN Lesions LMN lesions Brain/Spc. imaging Nerve conduction study (NCS) (CT/MRI/ angiography) Electromyography (EMG) Somato-sensory evoke Repetitive nerve stimulation potential test (RST) Single fiber EMG Imaging of bone/ ligaments (CT/MRI) Nerve / Muscle biopsy Quiz 2 Case1: Where is the lesion ผู้ป่ วยชายอายุ 52 ปี ความดันโลหติ สูง และเบาหวาน 5 ปี มาด้วยแขนขาซ้ายอ่อนแรง 3 วันก่อนมาโรงพยาบาล 3 วัน: 6.00 น.ปวดศีรษะด้านขวา พอทนได้ ไม่มีแขนขาอ่อนแรง 7.00 น. ขับรถยนตไ์ ปตลาดเกดิ อุบัตเิ หตุชนท้ายรถคันอนื อกี 3 ชัวโมงถัดมา หลังจากตกลงค่าเสียหายเสร็จ รู้สึกปวด ศีรษะมากขึน และอ่อนแรงแขนขาซ้าย ต้องให้คนช่วยพยุงเดนิ 2 วัน : อ่อนแรงมากขึน จนเดนิ ไม่ได้ ปวดศรี ษะเท่าเดิม Case study 1 General exam: BP :190/120 mmHg. Neuro exam : Conscious Lt. Facial paresis UMN Lt. Hemiplegia, flaccidity. DTR 1+ Lt side. BKK and clonus : absent Ans. Case 1 Case 2 Where is the lesion? • HN 143-72-59 Patient profile : ผู้ป่ วยหญิงไทย อายุ 22 ปี Chief complain : อ่อนแรงขา 2 ข้าง 2 สัปดาหก์ ่อนมารพ. Present ilness : U/D thalasemia - 14 วันก่อนมารพ.รู้สึกปวดทบริเวณกลางหลังปวดแน่นๆี ร้าวทะลุมา ด้านหน้า ไปรพ.กินยาแก้ปวดคลายกล้ามเนือไม่ดีขึ น เป็นอยู่ 3 วัน - 11 วันก่อนมารพ.รู้สึกชาเริมจากทีบ ริเวณปลายเทา้ ขวา แตยั่ ง เคลือนไหวได้ ต่อมาเริมอ่อนแรงมากขึนจนขยับขาทั งสองข้ างไม่ได้ ปัสสาวะ อุจจาระไม่ออก Figure 1: Magnetic resonance image of the dorsal spine in a 22-year-old pregnant woman with thalassemia intermedia and spastic paraplegia. Ans. Case 2 ©2010 by Canadian Medical Association Esfandbod M , and Malekpour M CMAJ 2010;182:E798-E798 The END Thank you.

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