UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO IDEOLOGIES OF LANGUAGE AND GESTURE AMONG Q’EQCHI’-MAYA MAINSTREAM AND CHARISMATIC CATHOLICS A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Eric Hoenes del Pinal Committee in charge: Professor Kathryn A. Woolard, Chair Professor John B. Haviland Professor Richard Madsen Professor Nancy G. Postero Professor Joel Robbins Professor Ana Celia Zentella 2008 Copyright Eric Hoenes del Pinal, 2008 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Eric Hoenes del Pinal is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2008 iii DEDICATION For my mother, Alice del Pinal. Thank you for everything. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page: ................................................................................................................iii Dedication........................................................................................................................iv List of Figures.................................................................................................................vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................ix Vita.. ..............................................................................................................................xiii Abstract of the Dissertation ...........................................................................................xiv Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 The Setting................................................................................................................ 3 The Debate................................................................................................................ 8 Religion and Language........................................................................................... 14 History of the Parish ............................................................................................... 27 Mainstream Catholics ............................................................................................. 32 Mainstream Ritual Practices................................................................................... 39 Charismatics Catholics ........................................................................................... 48 Charismatic Ritual Practices................................................................................... 54 The Parishioners ..................................................................................................... 59 Contours of the Conflict ......................................................................................... 71 Summary and Plan.................................................................................................. 78 Chapter 2: Acquiring the Authority to Preach................................................................ 82 Authority................................................................................................................. 84 Catechists................................................................................................................ 90 Charismatics ........................................................................................................... 96 Practices and Ideologies ......................................................................................... 99 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 110 Chapter 3: Linguistic Codes ......................................................................................... 113 Code Choice.......................................................................................................... 114 Code Switching in the Debate about Religious Practice ...................................... 119 “Solo quieren castilla” ...................................................................................... 119 The importance of using Q’eqchi’.................................................................... 125 Description of Rituals........................................................................................... 128 Preliminary “Off-Stage” Business........................................................................ 131 Switching to Q’eqchi’ before a Rosary ............................................................ 131 v Setting out the jobs in a Charismatic ritual....................................................... 135 Ritual Openings and Closings .............................................................................. 137 Mainstream Opening: Introductory Rite........................................................... 137 Charismatic Opening ........................................................................................ 140 Mainstream Closing.......................................................................................... 148 Charismatic Closing.......................................................................................... 151 Prayers .................................................................................................................. 153 Fixed-text prayers ............................................................................................. 155 Individually improvised prayers....................................................................... 159 Hymns................................................................................................................... 167 Bible Readings...................................................................................................... 173 Mainstream Bible reading................................................................................. 173 Charismatics Bible reading............................................................................... 177 Other business: The Collection............................................................................. 181 Mainstream Catholic collection........................................................................ 182 Charismatic Catholic collection........................................................................ 186 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 188 Chapter 4: Embodying Difference: Gesture, Body Hexis and Cultural Differentiation .............................................................................................................................. 195 Bodily Comportment as a Point of Contention..................................................... 196 Theories of Embodied Action............................................................................... 201 Habitus and Body Hexis ....................................................................................... 204 Multimodal Interaction and Gesture as a Means to Hexis.................................... 211 Contrasting Gestures in Context........................................................................... 220 Gesture pattern analysis.................................................................................... 223 Singing hymns .................................................................................................. 241 The collection of offerings................................................................................ 249 Prayer postures.................................................................................................. 258 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 264 Chapter 5: Global Discourses and Local Histories....................................................... 266 Religion and Maya Identity Politics ..................................................................... 269 The Pan-Maya Movement .................................................................................... 272 Catholicism........................................................................................................... 290 Mainstream Catholicism................................................................................... 292 Charismatic Catholic Movement ...................................................................... 316 San Felipe ............................................................................................................. 325 Chapter 6: Conclusion .................................................................................................. 336 References..................................................................................................................... 349 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Catechist gesturing in M.12.25.05 ................................................................ 228 Figure 2: Catechist gesturing in M.01.01.06 ...............................................................