1.1 EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR ENERGY AND TRANSPORT DIRECTORATE F - Air Transport Study of Aircraft Noise Exposure at and around Community Airports : Evaluation of the Effect of Measures to Reduce Noise Final Report Tender N° TREN/F3/15-2006 October 2007 Submitted by: M P D Group Limited In Association with : Environmental Resources Management and CE Delft MPD Group Ltd Study of aircraft noise exposure at and around Community airports : Evaluation of the effect of measures to reduce noise – Final Report CONTENTS Page 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................1 1.1 OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH..............................................................................................1 1.2 NOISE ABATEMENT MEASURES IN FORCE AND PLANNED ....................................................1 1.3 GROWTH IN TRAFFIC AND THE USE OF MARGINALLY-COMPLIANT AIRCRAFT ......................3 1.4 CHANGE IN THE NOISE CLIMATE IN EUROPE .......................................................................3 1.5 POLICY OPTIONS ...............................................................................................................4 1.6 CHANGES TO THE DIRECTIVE .............................................................................................5 2 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................6 2.1 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................6 2.2 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT ............................................................................................6 2.3 OUR APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................7 2.4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE ASSISTANCE OF EUROCONTROL ........................................7 2.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE CO-OPERATION OF AIRPORTS.................................................7 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE CO-OPERATION OF ANOTEC................................................7 3 BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................8 3.1 ANOTEC STUDY ..............................................................................................................8 3.2 AIRPORTS STUDIED ...........................................................................................................9 3.3 MARGINAL CHAPTER 3 AIRCRAFT....................................................................................12 4 EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN AIR TRANSPORT 2002/3 – 2006 ....................................16 4.1 MOVEMENT GROWTH, DAY/NIGHT ANALYSIS, AIRCRAFT TYPES CHANGES.........................16 4.2 MARGINALITY COMPLIANCE LISTING OF AIRCRAFT TYPES .................................................17 4.3 MOVEMENT CHANGES BY NOISE CHARACTERISTICS...........................................................20 4.4 CHAPTER 3 AND MARGINAL AIRCRAFT .............................................................................24 5 AIRPORT INTERVIEW FINDINGS...................................................................................32 5.1 APPLICATION, INTERPRETATION AND GENERAL EFFECTS OF DIRECTIVE .............................32 5.2 RESTRICTIONS INTRODUCED ............................................................................................35 5.3 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES.............................................................................................40 5.4 LAND USE .......................................................................................................................41 5.5 INSULATION ....................................................................................................................42 5.6 ACQUISITION...................................................................................................................43 5.7 MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS ........................................................................................44 5.8 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS...................................................................................................48 5.9 POLICY ISSUES RAISED BY AIRPORTS................................................................................53 5.10 OVERVIEW OF MEASURES IN ACTION AND MEASURES PLANNED .........................................58 6 INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE AND CONSULTATION.......................................................60 6.1 CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................60 6.2 STUDY FOCUS .................................................................................................................60 6.3 INDUSTRY BUSINESS MODELS..........................................................................................61 6.4 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................64 7 AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT FORECASTS TO 2010 AND 2015 : BASE CASE ..................65 7.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................65 7.2 LIMITATIONS AND APPROACH ..........................................................................................65 MPD Group Ltd i October 2007 MPD Group Ltd Study of aircraft noise exposure at and around Community airports : Evaluation of the effect of measures to reduce noise – Final Report 8 NOISE CONTOUR MODELLING AT CASE STUDY AIRPORTS ..................................70 8.1 CASE STUDY SELECTION..................................................................................................70 8.2 MODELLING METHODOLOGY............................................................................................71 8.3 GLASGOW AIRPORT .........................................................................................................72 8.4 LISBON AIRPORT .............................................................................................................74 8.5 TOULOUSE AIRPORT ........................................................................................................76 8.6 WARSAW AIRPORT ..........................................................................................................78 8.7 AMSTERDAM AIRPORT.....................................................................................................79 8.8 NOISE CONTOUR TRENDS AT LARGE AIRPORTS ................................................................80 9 ESTIMATION OF POPULATION NOISE EXPOSURE ACROSS ALL AIRPORTS......81 9.1 METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................81 9.2 RESULTS FOR 51 AIRPORTS ..............................................................................................82 9.3 OTHER AIRPORTS ............................................................................................................84 10 POTENTIAL NATURAL CHANGES IN FLEET MIX......................................................86 10.1 DEFINITION .....................................................................................................................86 10.2 EVOLUTION.....................................................................................................................86 10.3 GENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT ..........................................................................87 10.4 AIRCRAFT NOISE CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................87 10.5 AIRCRAFT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ..............................................................................89 10.6 AIRBUS AND BOEING FLEET FORECASTS...........................................................................92 10.7 IMPLICATIONS OF FLEET MIX FOR THE NOISE CLIMATE.....................................................94 10.8 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 100 11 ALTERNATIVES............................................................................................................... 102 11.1 ALTERNATIVES BASED ON THE BALANCED APPROACH ..................................................... 102 11.2 MARKET BASED INSTRUMENTS....................................................................................... 105 12 POLICY ISSUES ................................................................................................................ 115 12.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 115 12.2 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS FROM CASE STUDY AIRPORTS...................................................... 115 12.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE DIRECTIVE...................................................................................... 117 12.4 DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES ...................................................................................... 120 12.5 OTHER POLICY ISSUES.................................................................................................... 121 13 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 124 13.1 NOISE CLIMATE ............................................................................................................. 124 13.2 EXPERIENCES WITH