The Tekenu and Ancient Egyptian Funerary Ritual Glennise West Archaeopress Egyptology 23 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-182-5 ISBN 978-1-78969-183-2 (e-Pdf) © Glennise West and Archaeopress 2019 Cover: Diagrammatical interpretation of the journey of the Tekenu drawn by John West. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Severn, Gloucester This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com For Valerie and Kevan and especially John Contents List of figures ................................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................................xi Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................. xiii Chronology code used throughout the work .................................................................................... xiv Part 1 Formulation of the corpus catalogue Chapter 1 Introduction and literature review .....................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1.2 Literature review ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 1.2.1 The Tekenu as a sacrificial object ..............................................................................................6 1.2.2 The Tekenu as an element of a ‘skin ritual’ .............................................................................8 1.2.3 Archaic Funerary Practices and the Tekenu .........................................................................10 1.2.4 The Tekenu and remnants of the mummification process .................................................11 1.2.5 The Tekenu as an Officiant or Ritualist ..................................................................................12 1.2.6 The Tekenu as a specific deity .................................................................................................13 1.2.7 The corn mummy and the Tekenu ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 1.2.8 The Tekenu and its link with hair ...........................................................................................15 1.2.9 The Tekenu and the 2N4 object .............................................................................................17 1.2.10 The word Tekenu, a philological approach ..........................................................................17 1.2.11 The diachronic perspective of the Tekenu ..........................................................................19 1.2.12 Summary and conclusions ....................................................................................................19 Chapter 2 Aims and method ...................................................................................................................22 2.1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................22 2.2 Aims .....................................................................................................................................................22 2.3 Method ................................................................................................................................................22 2.4 Terms ...................................................................................................................................................23 Chapter 3 Typology: criteria and creation .........................................................................................25 3.1 Identifying a Tekenu ..........................................................................................................................25 3.2 Four prototypes .................................................................................................................................25 3.3 Context ................................................................................................................................................27 3.4 Identification criteria .......................................................................................................................29 3.5 Classification by type ........................................................................................................................29 3.5.1 TYPE 1 .........................................................................................................................................29 3.5.2 TYPE 2 .........................................................................................................................................31 3.5.3 TYPE 3 .........................................................................................................................................32 3.5.4 TYPE 4 .........................................................................................................................................32 3.6 Subdivision of types ..........................................................................................................................33 3.6.1 TYPE 1: A–C ................................................................................................................................33 3.6.2 TYPE 2: A–C ................................................................................................................................33 3.6.3 TYPE 3: A–B ................................................................................................................................34 3.6.4 TYPE 4 .........................................................................................................................................34 Chapter 4 Corpus catalogue ....................................................................................................................35 4.1 Preliminaries ......................................................................................................................................35 4.2 TYPE 1A ...............................................................................................................................................36 4.3 TYPE 1B �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 4.4 TYPE 1C ...............................................................................................................................................75 i 4.5 Type 2A ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������108 4.6 TYPE 2B ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������110 4.7 TYPE 2C .............................................................................................................................................133 4.8 TYPE 3A .............................................................................................................................................136 4.9 TYPE 3B ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������149 4.10 TYPE 4 .............................................................................................................................................152 4.11 THE ATYPICAL CASES OF TT A26, TT 112 AND TT 224 ............................................................153 4.12 Disputed and miscellaneous occurrences of the Tekenu ........................................................156 The Birth Room at Luxor Temple .......................................................................................................159 Part 2 Evaluating the primary sources Chapter 5 Textual references, pictorial representations and context ......................................161 5.1 Preliminaries ....................................................................................................................................161 5.2 Textual references to the Tekenu ..................................................................................................164 5.2.1 Textual sources .......................................................................................................................164 5.2.2 Textual references: summary and conclusions ..................................................................180 5.3 Pictorial representations of the Tekenu ......................................................................................187 5.3.1 Preliminaries ...........................................................................................................................187 5.3.2 The question of human features ..........................................................................................188