Camden Residents’ Action Group Incorporated Camden – Still a Country Town HERITAGE STUDY CAMDEN NEW SOUTH WALES Documentary Evidence addressing criteria for statutory heritage listing Photo: Robert Wheeler Camden Residents' Action Group Inc | Camden Heritage Study April 2016 1 Author: Glenda Davis President Camden Residents' Action Group Acknowledgments: Charles Cowell, photographer Dr Peter Cuneo, Consultant horticulturist and research scientist Keith Hart, Environmental Lawyer District Veterinarian, Camden (retired) Former Councillor, Camden (1991-95) Lorraine Iddon David Nethercote Sue Way Robert Wheeler, Senior town planner for Camden Council (retired) Photo: Charles Cowell Camden Residents' Action Group Inc | Camden Heritage Study April 2016 2 Contents A. Nominated Place ............................................................................................................................. 4 Camden Heritage Conservation Area (LEP listed) ...................................................................... 4 B. Significance ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Statement of State Significance ....................................................................................................... 5 Eminent Testimonials on Heritage Significance of Camden Township ........................................ 10 Emeritus Professor Alan Atkinson University of Sydney ............................................................... 10 Associate Professor Grace Karskens FAHA University of NSW ................................................... 11 Dr lan Willis Honorary Fellow University of Wollongong ........................................................... 12 John Wrigley OAM Camden Historian .......................................................................................... 13 Bob Lester, President Camden Historical Society ......................................................................... 14 Josephine Byrnes-Luna President Camden Chamber of Commerce ............................................. 16 Comparisons .................................................................................................................................. 18 C. Description ................................................................................................................................... 26 D. Historical Outline .......................................................................................................................... 28 Historical Themes .............................................................................................................................. 33 Thematic analysis and summary .................................................................................................... 33 Thematic conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 41 Thematic statement of historical significance ................................................................................ 41 Criteria ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Camden is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW’s cultural or natural history (Criterion a) ........................................................................................................................................................ 42 Camden has a strong or special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in NSW’s cultural or natural history (Criterion b) ................................... 67 Camden is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in NSW (Criterion c) ................................................................................. 82 Camden has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in NSW for social, cultural or spiritual reasons (Criterion d) ...................................................................... 90 Camden has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of NSW’s cultural or natural history (Criterion e) .......................................................................................... 93 Camden possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of NSW’s cultural or natural history (Criterion f) .................................................................................................................................... 94 Camden is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of NSW’s cultural places (Criterion g)....................................................................................................................... 105 Reference List .................................................................................................................................. 116 Camden Residents' Action Group Inc | Camden Heritage Study April 2016 3 A. Nominated Place Camden Heritage Conservation Area (LEP listed) Camden Residents' Action Group Inc | Camden Heritage Study April 2016 4 B. Significance Statement of State Significance Camden township, founded by the Macarthur family on Camden Park in 1836 has a strong and special association with its community and invokes a special sense of place that is bound up with people's sense of self and sense of community, their local knowledge, folklore and family connectedness and human experiences over generations. Visitors likewise see it as a different and unique place, one that has retained its original aesthetics and is largely intact although it has experienced continuous social and economic activity through the historical phases of NSW to present times. Interest in who we are, where we have come from and how we learn from our history are fundamentally important in this fast changing world. Camden township is the focus of an inherited, rich narrative from colonial times that helps define our present and inform our future. Camden is unique because of its physical features, landscape setting, its cohesive community and its long and important history in the foundation of NSW and Australia. Camden's heritage, historic environment and location distinguish it, enrich its character and influence how people identify and connect with it. Camden's sense of place is evidenced by features which are esteemed by the community for their cultural values and that contribute to the community’s sense of identity such as the river landscape and its remnant endangered vegetation, the human scale village townscape set within the floodplain and its abrupt interface with rural surrounds as well heritage buildings, wide leafy streets, Macarthur Park, the iconic socially significant St John's church, the town farm, sale yards and rural outlets, Camden Museum, library, schools and a great many community and social organisations that have existed over generations. Events such as the Camden Show, Light Up Camden and commemorations of the historic relations of our defence forces with Camden are part of the cultural fabric of the town's community. The present esteem in which Camden is held and its special heritage qualities demand a careful balance between necessary development and the perpetuation of the town's unique and treasured historical character. Camden's heritage story begins with the land near the Nepean River being particularly fertile and productive and which prior to European settlement was an excellent source of food and a meeting place for Aboriginal peoples. The escaped cattle from the First Fleet settlement in 1788 found their way to Camden, on the Nepean River and stayed, indicating by their preference that "the Cowpastures" was possibly the best land yet found in the colony. John Macarthur, an officer in the NSW Corps, in particular saw its potential. But the Governors, in order to maintain a food source for the struggling colony, decreed that settlement on the Cowpastures beyond the boundary of the Nepean River was prohibited to protect the wild cattle. Being exiled to England in 1801 after a duel John Macarthur took wool samples from his experimental flock in Parramatta and successfully lobbied the Colonial Secretary, Lord Camden, for a large land grant to pursue his entrepreneurial work in producing fine wool to meet high British demand, particularly due to the Napoleonic wars. John Macarthur took up 5000 acres in the Cowpastures in 1805 and built a slab hut, the first European dwelling west of the Nepean. Other large land grants followed on the east side of the river and a rural hegemony of landed gentry estates using convict labour developed, producing the Loudon style landscape still apparent around Camden Residents' Action Group Inc | Camden Heritage Study April 2016 5 Camden today. Conflict with the Aboriginal people, the traditional owners, was caused by encroachment on their lands and food sources, culminating in the Appin massacre of 1816. John Macarthur was exiled to England again due his part in the Rum Rebellion 1809 and returned in 1817 with many vine cuttings from Europe. The Macarthur family were instrumental and influential in the development of Australia’s agricultural, pastoral, horticultural and viticultural industries. John and Elizabeth Macarthur and their sons developed Camden Park (Belgenny Farm and Camden Park Estate), which forms the oldest, intact, rural landscape