doi 10.15296/ijwhr.2016.05 http://www.ijwhr.net doi 10.15296/ijwhr.2015.27 OpenOpen Access Original Review Article InternationalInternational Journal Journal of Women’s of Women’s Health Health and Reproduction and Reproduction Sciences Sciences Vol.Vol. 3, No.4, No. 3, July 1, January 2015, 126–131 2016, 18–22 ISSNISSN 2330- 4456 2330- 4456 TheWomen Effect on theof InfectionOther Side With of War Genital and Poverty: Mycoplasma Its Effect hominis andon the the Health Presence of Reproduction of Antisperm Antibodies in Iranian WomenAyse Cevirme1, YaseminWith Hamlaci Unexplained2*, Kevser Ozdemir 2 Infertility ManaAbstract Talebi Farahani¹, Farzaneh Hoseini1*, Arash Minai-Tehrani2, Marefat Ghafari Novin³ War and poverty are ‘extraordinary conditions created by human intervention’ and ‘preventable public health problems.’ War and poverty have many negative effects on human health, especially women’s health. Health problems arising due to war and poverty are Abstractbeing observed as sexual abuse and rape, all kinds of violence and subsequent gynecologic and obstetrics problems with physiological Objectives:and psychological Mycoplasma courses, hominisand pregnancies (M. hominis as the) infectionresult of undesired is considered but forced as one or ofobliged the most marriages common and evensexually rapes. transmitted Certainly, diseases. Antibodiesunjust treatment against such sperm as being can unable influence to gain fertilization footing on through the land different it is lived mechanisms. (asylum seeker, These refugee, two etc.) factors and canbeing affect deprived women’s of fertility status.social security,Therefore, citizenship this study rights was and conducted human rightsto evaluate brings theabout relationship the deprivation between of access infection to health with servicesgenital M.and hominis of provision and theof presence ofservice antisperm intended antibodies for gynecology (ASA). and obstetrics. The purpose of this article is to address effects of war and poverty on the health of Materialsreproduction and of Methods: women and Case-control to offer scientific study contribution was conducted and solutions.using 50 patients with primary or secondary infertility as a case group Keywords: Poverty, Reproductive health, War and 50 healthy women as a control group in Sarem’s women hospital. DNA was extracted from urine samples and the presence of M. hominis (past infection) was determined by PCR. In addition, the presence of antibody against M. hominis in the serum (current infection) was assessed by ELISA. On the other hand, the presence of ASA was further evaluated by IgG-MAR test in the serum. IntroductionResults: Our results clearly demonstrated that the prevalence of M.thought hominis that (evaluated severe bymilitary PCR) inconflicts the two groupsin Africa was shortennot significantly Throughoutdifferent. Furthermore, the history the of presencethe world, of antibodiesthe ones who against had M. hoministhe expected and sperm lifetime was not for significantly more than different 2 years. as In compared general, between confronted the bitterest face of poverty and war had al- WHO had calculated that 269 thousand people had died fertile and infertile women. ways been the women. As known poverty and war affects in 1999 due to the effect of wars and that loss of 8.44 mil- Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that there is no distinct association between current or past infection with M. hominis human health either directly or indirectly, the effects of lion healthy years of life had occurred (2,3). thisand condition the levels ofon antisperm health and antibody status ofin women within the unexplained so- Wars infertility. negatively This resultaffect can the be provision due to limitation of health in antiserumservices. used in cietyIgG-MAR should test not to recognizebe ignored. all ThisASA instudy serum intends of infertile to cast women. Health institutions such as hospitals, laboratories and lightKeywords: on the effectsAntisperm of war antibody, and poverty Infertility, on the Mycoplasma reproductive hominis health centers are direct targets of war. Moreover, the wars health of women. For this purpose, the face of war affect- cause the migration of qualified health employees, and ing the women, the problem of immigration, inequalities thus the health services hitches. Assessments made indi- Introductionin distribution of income based on gender and the effects cate thatto12.8% the effect of infertile of destruction couples in the(7,8). infrastructure These antibodies of are Mycoplasmaof all these on hominis the reproductive (M. hominis health), aof gram-negativewomen will be in- healthalso continues observed for in5-10 approximately years even after 1%-2.5% the finalization (9,10) and 1.4% tracellularaddressed. bacterium, belongs to the Mycoplasmataceae of conflictsof fertile (3). men Due andto resource women, requirements respectively in (11). the Inre- addition, family in the Mollicutes class (1,2). It consists of pleo- structuringASA can investments be detected after in war,blood, the genital share allocated fluids such to as semi- morphicWar and Women’sfilaments Health with an average diameter of 0.1 to 0.3 healthnal has plasma, decreased cervical (1). mucus and follicular fluid (12). Sever- micrometersFamine, synonymous and can with pass war through and poverty, the most is clearer used forbacte - al studies show that same value of ASA is present in follic- women; war means deep disadvantages such as full de- Mortalities and Morbidities riological filters (0.45 µm). These bacteria multiply by bi- ular fluid of women with high blood ASA. ASA in follicu- struction, loss of future and uncertainty for women. Wars The ones who are most affected from wars are women and naryare conflicts division that and destroy contain families, RNA andsocieties DNA and (3) culturesand have a children.lar fluid While originates deaths depending from the bloodon direct and violence contains af high- levels symbioticthat negatively relationship affect the with health Trichomonas of community vaginalis and cause (2). It fect theof IgGmale and population, IgA, while the indirectIgM due deaths to high kill molecularchildren, weight, hasviolation been ofreported human rights.that M. According hominis tocan the be data associated of World with womencannot and eldersbe seen more. at high In Iraq level between (13). 1990-1994, in- pelvicHealth inflammatoryOrganization (WHO)disease andcausing World ectopic Bank, inpregnancy. 2002 fant deathsDue to had the shown influence this realityof religious in its morebeliefs bare on form sexual inter- Thesewars had bacteria been amongand other the firstgram-negative ten reasons bacteriawhich killed are in- with course,an increase prevalence of 600% of (4). sexually The war transmitted taking five infectionsyears and volvedthe most in and the causeddevelopment disabilities. of bacterial Civil losses vaginosis are at the that rate may increasestheir the association child deaths with under important age of 5 by parameters 13%. Also 47%such as ASA beof one90% ofwithin the causes all losses of (1).premature birth and abortion (1,4). of all maythe refugees vary. Therefore, in the world this and study 50% ofaimed asylum to seekers determine the PregnantWar has many women negative with effectsbacterial on humanvaginosis health. may One be atof risk and displacedprevalence people of M. are hominis women, the and presence girls and of 44% ASA ref and- the re- forthese premature is its effect rupture of shortening of membranes, the average premature human life. birth, ugeeslationship and asylum between seekers M. are hominis children antibody under the (IgG) age of with ASA, chorioamnionitis,According to the data endometritis of WHO, the after average cesarean human section life is and 18 (5).to evaluate the association between M. hominis infection 68.1 years for males and 72.7 years for females. It is being As the result of wars and armed conflicts, women are spontaneous abortion. The risk of premature birth and and ASA in women with unexplained infertility. miscarriage is increased up to 5 and 5.5 times in women withReceived bacterial 12 December vaginosis 2014, Accepted (5). 25 April 2015, Available online 1 July 2015 Materials and Methods Sperm1Department has of Nursing,long been Sakarya known University, to Sakarya, have Turkey. antigenic 2Department proper of Midwifery,- SakaryaThis University,study was Sakarya, a case-controlTurkey. study and conducted on ties*Corresponding (6). Antisperm author: Yasemin antibodies Hamlaci, (ASA) Department are of detected Midwifery, Sakaryain 9% University, women Sakarya, with Turkey. unexplained Tel: +905556080628, infertility visiting Sarem hospi- Email: [email protected] Received 17 April 2015, Accepted 14 November 2015, Available online 1 January 2016 1Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. 3Cellular and Molecular & Stem Cell Research Center, Sarem’s Women Hospital, Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding author: Farzaneh Hoseini, Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected] Talebi Farahani et al tal. Fifty married women with unexplained infertility, aged investigated. The average age of the infertile and control between 23-39 were considered as a case group; while 50 groups was (35.58 ± 5.17 years) and (32.34 ± 3.74 years) healthy women aged