Merton, Robert K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press Table of contents in word Merton, Robert K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press1 Table of contents in word....................................................................................................1 Note on layout .....................................................................................................................2 SOCIAL THEORY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE............................................................2 PREFACE TO THE 1968 ENLARGED EDITION ...........................................................3 PREFACE TO THE 1957 REVISED EDITION ................................................................5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................6 CONTENTS -AN OVERVIEW..........................................................................................7 Part I ON THEORETIC SOCIAL THEORY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE..................23 I ON THE HISTORY AND SYSTEMATICS OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY........23 II ON SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF THE MIDDLE RANGE ............................59 III MANIFEST AND LATENT FUNCTIONSTOWARD THE CODIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IN SOCIOLOGY FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS............92 iv THE BEARING OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY ON EMPIRICAL RESEARCH .158 V THE BEARING OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY174 Part II STUDIES IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STUCTURE INTRODUCTION....189 VI SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ANOMIE ..............................................................198 VII CONTINUITIES IN THE THEORY OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ANOMIE227 VIII BUREAUCRATIC STRUCTURE AND PERSONALITY................................259 IX ROLE OF THE INTELLECTUAL IN PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY....................270 X CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF REFERENCE GROUP BEHAVIOR*287 XI CONTINUITIES IN THE THEORY OF REFERENCE GROUPS AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE..............................................................................................................339 XII PATTERNS OF INFLUENCE: LOCAL AND COSMOPOLITAN INFLUENTIALS .....................................................................................................................................441 Xlll THE SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY .............................................................473 Part III THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS 487 XIV THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE ............................................................502 XV KARL MANNHEIM AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE.................534 XVI STUDIES IN RADIO AND FILM PROPAGANDA*.......................................553 Part IV STUDIES IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE..............................................571 XVII SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL ORDER ..........................................................576 XVIII SCIENCE AND DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL STRUCTURE.............................588 XIX THE MACHINE, THE WORKER AND THE ENGINEER..............................599 XX PURITANISM, PIETISM AND SCIENCE.........................................................609 XXI SCIENCE AND ECONOMY OF 17th CENTURY ENGLAND.......................641 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.........................................................................................664 SUBJECT INDEX...........................................................................................................666 Note on layout - the book is divided in four parts. the parts are heading level one. each part has several chapters, which are level 2. exceptions are other sections such as index and table of contents, which are also heading level 1. - one figure deleted, noted by ((figure deleted)) SOCIAL THEORY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE Copyright © 1968 and 1967 by Robert K. Merton Copyright, 1957, by The Free Press, a Corporation Copyright, 1949, by The Free Press Printed in the United States of America Printing History ((footnote))1949 Edition, six printings((/footnote)) ((footnote))1957 Edition, twelve printings((/footnote)) ((footnote))1968 Edition, first printing July, 1968((/footnote)) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The Free Press A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. ((footnote))866 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022((/footnote)) Collier Macmillan Canada, Ltd. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-28789 printing number ((footnote))13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20((/footnote)) To the Memory of Charles H. Hopkins, Friend, Teacher PREFACE TO THE 1968 ENLARGED EDITION HIS NEW PRINTING is not a newly revised edition, only an enlarged one. The revised edition of 1957 remains intact except that its short introduction has been greatly expanded to appear here as Chapters I and II. The only other changes are technical and minor ones: the correction of typographical errors and amended indexes of subjects and names. At their first writing, the papers which make up this book were not intended as consecutive chapters of a single volume. It would be idle to suggest, therefore, that the papers as now arranged exhibit a natural pro-gression, leading with stem inevitability from one to the next. Yet I am reluctant to believe that the book lacks altogether the graces of coherence, unity and emphasis. To make the coherence more easily visible, the book is divided into four major parts, the first setting out a theoretical orientation in terms of which three arrays of sociological problems are thereafter examined. Short introductions to each of these three substantive sections are in-tended to make it unnecessary for the reader to find for himself a means of intellectual passage from one part to the next. In the interest of unity, the papers have been assembled with an eye to the gradual unfolding and developing of two sociological concerns that pervade the whole of the book, concerns more fully expressed in the perspective found in all chapters than in the particular subject-matter under examination. These are the concern with the interplay of social theory and social research and the concern with codifying both substantive theory and the procedures of sociological analysis, most particularly of qualitative analysis. It will be granted that these two interests do not suffer from exces-sive modesty of dimensions. In fact, were I to hint that the essays do more than skirt the edges of these large and imperfectly charted territories, the very excess of the claim would only emphasize the smallness of the yield. But since the consolidation of theory and research and the ((vii)) codification of theory and method are the concerns threaded through the chapters of this book, a few words about the theoretical orientation, as set out in Part I, are in order. Chapter I states the case for the distinctive though interacting functions of histories of sociological theory, on the one hand, and formulations of currently utilized theory, on the other. We need hardly note that cur-rent theoretical sociology rests upon legacies from the past. But there is some value, I believe, in examining the intellectual requirements for a genuine history of sociological thought as more than a chronologically arranged series of synopses of sociological doctrine, just as there is value in considering just how current sociological theory draws upon antecedent theory. Since a good deal of attention has been devoted to sociological theory of the middle range in the past decade, there is reason to review its character and workings in the light of uses and criticisms of this kind of theory that have developed during this time. Chapter II takes on this task. Chapter III suggests a framework for the social theory described as functional analysis. It centers on a paradigm that codifies the assumptions, concepts and procedures that have been implicit ( and occasionally, explicit) in functional interpretations that have been developed in the fields of sociology, social psychology and social anthropology. If the large connotations of the word discovery are abandoned, then it can be said that the elements of the paradigm have mainly been discovered, not invented. They have been found partly by critically scrutinizing the re-searches and theoretical discussions by scholars who use the functional orientation to the study of society, and partly by reexamining my own studies of social structure. The last two chapters in Part I summarize the kinds of reciprocal relations that now obtain in sociological inquiry. Chapter IV distinguishes the related but distinct kinds of inquiry that are encompassed by the often vaguely used term sociological theory: methodology or the logic of procedure, general orientations, analysis of concepts, ex post facto interpretations, empirical generalizations, and theory in the strict sense. In examining the interconnections between these—the fact that they are connected implies that they are also distinct—I emphasize the limitations as well as the functions of general orientations in theory, with which sociology is more abundantly endowed than with sets of empirically confirmed and specific uniformities derived from general theory. So, too, I emphasize and try to characterize the importance as well as the halfway nature of the empirical generalization. In that chapter, it is suggested that such disparate generalizations can be collated and consolidated