Representing new urban image: May 14 developments on brownfield areas in Tallinn and Budapest 2007 Abstract: the problem of restructuring brownfield areas and giving them new functions is known in the Western countries from the 1970es. After the historical events of 1990 a group of Eastern-European countries faced the challenges of the transition to a A comparison of market economy. This transition influenced the economic and spatial structure of urban areas in a wide extent. This paper examines how the capital cities of the two eminent Estonian and CEE countries of Estonia and Hungary can cope with the task of managing the Hungarian restructuration process of their brownfield industrial areas. experiences of the Keywords: brownfields, Budapest, Estonia, function change, Hungary, planning, past 17 years projects, rehabilitation, regeneration, Tallinn, transition of industrial areas, urban development, urban image Authors: Helena Maide (Estonia) Csaba Jakab (Hungary) Correspondent: Jan-Evert Nilsson (BTH) Blekinge Tekniska Högskola Karlskrona, Sverige School of Technoculture, Humanities and Planning European Spatial Planning Master’s Course 2006/2007 Helena Maide (EST) and Csaba Jakab (HUN) Representing new urban image: developments on brownfield areas in Tallinn and Budapest LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEC – Architecture, engineering and construction ÁPV – Hungarian Privatization State Holding Company (Állami Privatizációs Vagyonkezetlő zRt.) BME – Budapest University of Technology and Economics BSR – Baltic Sea Region BUDC – Budapest Urban Development Conception CAD – Computer Aided Design CEE – Central-Eastern European CEU – Central European University ELTE – Eötvös Lóránd University (Budapest) EU – European Union FDI – Foreign direct investment GDP – Gross domestic product HP – Hewlett-Packard IBM – International Business Machines ISPA – Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession IT – Information technology MUDP – Mid-term Urban Development Programme MüPa – Palace of Arts (Művészetek Palotája, Budapest) PHARE – Pologne-Hongrie, Assistance á la Reconstruction Economique PPP – Public-private partnership SME – Small and medium sized enterprises USTS – Urban and Suburban Transportation Society (in Budapest) u.c. – under construction Page | 2 Helena Maide (EST) and Csaba Jakab (HUN) Representing new urban image: developments on brownfield areas in Tallinn and Budapest TABLE OF CONTENT List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction and methodology ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Subject and purposes of the thesis topic ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Structure ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sources of information, methodology and delimitations ..................................................................................................... 6 2. Theoretical chapter ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 General theories on urban image forming and urban identity ......................................................................................... 7 2.2 The EU Urban Policy and the place of Tallinn and Budapest in the European city network ....................................... 10 2.3 Definitions and different aspects on urban renewal .......................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Why brownfield areas are important? ................................................................................................................................14 2.5 General ideas about handling urban renewal in EU context – URBAN I-II. Initiatives, BERI - Brownfield European Regeneration Initiative .................................................................................................................................................................... 16 3. Presenting Tallinn and Budapest – facts about the two capitals and an overview on city development strategies and policies and planning .................................................................................................................................................................18 3.1 General facts about Tallinn and Budapest ...........................................................................................................................18 3.1.1 Budapest ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Tallinn ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Places of interest for boosting cultural economy ................................................................................................................ 20 3.3 Learning EU: participation in EU initiated and financed programmes in connection with urban development (Interreg, Urban)............................................................................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.1 Tallinn pool of EU projects ............................................................................................................................................. 22 3.3.2 Budapest pool of EU projects ........................................................................................................................................ 23 3.4 Civil impacts/ movements influencing urban development policy ................................................................................... 24 3.5 The brownfield areas of the two cities ................................................................................................................................. 25 3.5.1 Budapest ...........................................................................................................................................................................25 3.5.2 Tallinn .................................................................................................................................................................................27 3.6 Urban development policies and strategies (and practice) .............................................................................................. 28 3.6.1 Municipal planning/ policies in Tallinn and in Budapest ..........................................................................................28 3.6.1.1 Tallinn ...........................................................................................................................................................................28 3.6.1.2 Budapest .....................................................................................................................................................................28 Page | 3 Helena Maide (EST) and Csaba Jakab (HUN) Representing new urban image: developments on brownfield areas in Tallinn and Budapest 3.6.2 Analysis of recent strategic municipal development concepts and documents ................................................... 30 3.6.2.1 Tallinn ...........................................................................................................................................................................30 3.6.2.2 Budapest .................................................................................................................................................................... 32 4. Case studies ......................................................................................................................................................................................36 4.1 Estonian projects ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.1 Ülemiste City .....................................................................................................................................................................36 4.1.2 The Waterfront ................................................................................................................................................................ 37 4.1.3 Fahle quarter .................................................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2 Hungarian projects ................................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 GRAPHISOFT Office Park ..............................................................................................................................................40 4.2.2 ’MILLENÁRIS’ PARK ..........................................................................................................................................................43