COLLEGE OF THE CANYONS, PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY 101 Physical Anthropology Anthropology 101 College of the Canyons Version 1, 2018 1 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Table of Contents Physical Anthropology ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 What is Anthropology? .............................................................................................................................. 7 The Four Subf ie lds ..................................................................................................................................... 7 The Process of Science............................................................................................................................... 8 The Scient if ic Method ................................................................................................................................ 9 Types of Science.......................................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2: Darwin and the Diversity of Life ..................................................................................................13 The Diversity of Life ................................................................................................................................13 Evolution..................................................................................................................................................13 Charles Darwin and Natural Selection .......................................................................................................14 Evidence of Evolution...............................................................................................................................17 Misconceptions of Evolution .....................................................................................................................18 Processes and Patterns of Evolution...........................................................................................................20 Sources: ...................................................................................................................................................21 Chapter 3: Cell biology .................................................................................................................................22 Cells as Building Blocks ...........................................................................................................................22 DNA ........................................................................................................................................................24 Basics of DNA Replication .......................................................................................................................26 DNA and Protein Synthesis .......................................................................................................................26 Chromosomes and DNA ...........................................................................................................................29 Cell D ivis ion ............................................................................................................................................30 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance .........................................................................................................33 Homologous Recombination .....................................................................................................................34 Disorders in Chromosome Number............................................................................................................35 Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements ..................................................................................................37 Genetics ...................................................................................................................................................41 Punnett Squares ........................................................................................................................................41 ABO Blood Type......................................................................................................................................43 Sources: ...................................................................................................................................................44 Chapter 4: Population Genetics .....................................................................................................................45 Species and the Ability to Reproduce ........................................................................................................45 Speciation.................................................................................................................................................46 Allopatric Speciation ................................................................................................................................47 2 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Adaptive Radiation ...................................................................................................................................48 Reproductive Isolation ..............................................................................................................................49 Genetic Variance ......................................................................................................................................51 Genetic Drift ............................................................................................................................................52 Gene Flow ................................................................................................................................................54 Mutat ion...................................................................................................................................................54 Additional Forces of Evolution: Nonrandom Mating ..................................................................................54 Environmental Variance............................................................................................................................55 Hardy-Weinberg Equation to Test for Evolution ........................................................................................55 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium ....................................................................................................................56 Sources: ...................................................................................................................................................57 Chapter 5 – Human Variation........................................................................................................................58 The Concept of Race.................................................................................................................................58 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................58 Reason for Race, Not Justif icat ion .............................................................................................................58 Evolution of Skin Color ............................................................................................................................59 Sex and Gender ........................................................................................................................................61 Genetics of Homosexuality, Transgender and Intersex ...............................................................................63 Human Growth and Development – What Can Bones Tell Us?...................................................................65 Young or Old? ..........................................................................................................................................66 Clues in the Pelvis ....................................................................................................................................69 Ancestry ...................................................................................................................................................69 Human or Non-Human? ............................................................................................................................70 Forensic Anthropology .............................................................................................................................71 Forensic Facial Reconstruction..................................................................................................................72 A Modern Forensic Case File ....................................................................................................................73 Sources: ...................................................................................................................................................76