Neoliberal Apartheid Neoliberal Apartheid Palestine/Israel and South Africa after 1994 Andy Clarno The University of Chicago Press Chicago & London The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2017 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2017 Printed in the United States of America 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 42992- 2 (cloth) ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 43009- 6 (paper) ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 43012- 6 (e- book) DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226430126.001.0001 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Clarno, Andy, author. Title: Neoliberal apartheid : Palestine/Israel and South Africa after 1994 / Andy Clarno. Description: Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016026506 | ISBN 9780226429922 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226430096 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226430126 (e- book) Subjects: LCSH: Neoliberalism— South Africa. | Neoliberalism— Palestine. | South Africa— Race relations. | Palestine— Race relations. | Decolonization— South Africa. | Arab- Israeli conflict— Social aspects. | South Africa— Social conditions— 1994– | Palestine— Social conditions— 21st century. Classification:LCC DT1756.C55 2017 | DDC 956.95/3044— dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026506 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48– 1992 (Permanence of Paper). إىل فيليكس و حنظلة For Felix and Handala One thought alone preoccupies the submerged mind of Empire: how not to end, how not to die, how to prolong its era. By day it pursues its enemies. It is cunning and ruth- less, it sends its bloodhounds everywhere. By night it feeds on images of disaster: the sack of cities, the rape of populations, pyramids of bones, acres of desolation. J. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians Contents List of Maps ix Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xv Introduction: Racial Capitalism and Settler Colonialism 1 1 South Africa and Palestine/Israel: Histories and Transitions 24 2 Alexandra: The Precariousness of the Poor 54 3 Bethlehem: Neoliberal Colonization 89 4 A Legalized Mafia: Security Privatization in Johannesburg 125 5 A Monopoly of Violence? Security Coordination in the West Bank 158 Conclusion: Neoliberal Apartheid 194 Notes 207 Bibliography 243 Index 279 Maps 1 South Africa before 1994 27 2 Palestine/Israel 29 3 South Africa after 1994 33 4 The West Bank after Oslo 38 5 Johannesburg metropolitan region 45 6 Jerusalem metropolitan region 49 7 Sandton and Alexandra 59 8 Bethlehem region 93 Acknowledgments Embarking on a comparative study of Palestine and South Africa, I expected to confront obstacles along the way. Yet the hurdles I have encountered, while too numerous to contemplate, are trivial compared to the generosity and support that have carried me forward. This book is the product of collective efforts by friends, family, colleagues, and comrades around the world whose political, intellectual, and emotional support helped shape the analysis and enabled me to complete the research and writing. My gratitude extends far and wide. Over the last twenty-fi ve years, I have witnessed a remarkable change in the reception of critical scholarship on Palestine/Israel. Although the academic climate for Palestine studies remains repressive, I have benefited tremendously from the struggles, scholarship, and sacrifices of those who led the way. This book would not have been published without your dedication. I hope that it continues your work by expanding the space for informed discussions about Palestine. Hundreds of people in Palestine/Israel and South Africa welcomed me into their communities, showed me around their cities, and taught me about their struggles. I take seriously my responsibility to write about your lives and your communities with honesty and urgency. Above all, I want to thank my stron- gest supporters and closest friends. In Palestine, Naji and Suheir welcomed me into their family, provided constant inspiration, and intensified my connection to the turmoil of Palestinian life: frustration, sadness, and fear entwined with strength, hope, and laughter. In South Africa, Ahmed Veriava, Prishani Nai- doo, Salim Vally, Dale McKinley, Nicolas Dieltiens, and Nerisha Baldevu gave this project life by introducing me to a community of scholars and organizers, xii Acknowledgments where the dialogue is intense and change is always in the air. From beginning to end, you made this journey not only possible but meaningful and enjoyable. You have my deepest appreciation and my utmost respect. In Palestine/Israel, I also want to thank Murad, Ma’an, Moony, and Haneen; Atallah; Aysar and Naba; Samir; Ata and Fatimah; Ahmad and Ibrahim; Ibra- him, Qais, and Taha; Salah, Naim, Mahmoud, and Ahmad; Raed Abed Rabbo, Tala Abu Rahmeh, Ala Alazzeh, Haidar Eid, Ziad Faraj, Sahar Frances, Neta Golan, Jeff Halper, Dawood Hamoudeh, Tikva Honig- Parnass, Nassar Ibra- him, Jad Isaac, Jamal Juma’, Mudar Kassis, Esmail Nashef, Mazin Qumsiyeh, George Rishmawi, Abaher El- Sakka, Adel Samara, Lisa Taraki, Lea Tsemel, and Oren Yiftachel. Special thanks to the Applied Research Institute of Jeru- salem, BADIL, Interfaith Peace Builders, Palestinian Agricultural Relief Com- mittees, Palestinian American Research Center, and Stop the Wall Campaign. In South Africa, I could not have done my work in Alexandra without the dedication of two tireless research assistants: Thabo Mopasi and Obed Petja. It was an honor and a privilege to work with you. I also want to thank Patrick Bond, Claire Ceruti, Ellen Chauke, Rehad Desai, Frieda Dlamini, Ann Eveleth, Pier Paolo Frassinelli, Ran Greenstein, Phil Harrison, Na’eem Jeenah, Savera Kalideen, Oupa Lehulere, April Lekalakala, Benito Lekalakala, Makoma Le- kalakala, Neels Letter, Achille Mbembe, Noor Nieftagodien, Max Ntanyana, Torong Ramela, Ighsaan Schroeder, Caroline Tagny, Hanif Vally, Natasha Vally, and Eddie Webster. And I want to give special thanks to Ditswapotleng Enterprises, ENSAfrica Law Firm, the South African History Archive, and the Sandton Central Library Archive. I began this project at the University of Michigan. I have enormous respect and gratitude for George Steinmetz, Fatma Müge Göçek, Mamadou Diouf, Nadine Naber, and Neil Brenner, who supervised my research with intellec- tual sophistication and unwavering support. And many thanks to the faculty, friends, and colleagues whom I first met in Michigan and whose political and in- tellectual engagement remains vital today: Julia Adams, Ou Byung Chae, Mari- ana Craciun, Al DeFreece, Cedric de Leon, Andrea Dewees, Zaire Dinzey, Dave Dobbie, Marco Garrido, Daniel Goh, Chandan Gowda, Kim Greenwell, Asli Gur, Emily Heaphy, Robert Jimenez, Howard Kimeldorf, Camilo Leslie, L’Heureux Lewis, Zakiya Luna, Jeff Paige, Rosa Peralta, Ian Robinson, Atef Said, Peggy Somers, Bashar Tarabieh, Cihan Tugal, Andrew Van Alstyne, Ur- mila Venkatesh, Al Young, and Anna Zogas. In Chicago, I have had the spectacular privilege of joining the truly unique community of engaged scholars at the University of Illinois at Chicago: Ivan Arenas, Bill Bielby, Cynthia Blair, Michelle Boyd, Jennie Brier, Nicholas Acknowledgments xiii Brown, Corey Capers, Ainsworth Clarke, Teresa Córdova, Sharon Collins, Molly Doane, David Dumas, Rod Ferguson, Nilda Flores-Gonzalez, Tyrone Forman, Lorena Garcia, Anna Guevarra, Lynette Jackson, Cedric Johnson, Ronak Kapadia, Maria Krysan, Lisa Lee, Amanda Lewis, Patrisia Macias- Rojas, Paul- Brian McInerney, Norma Moruzzi, Nadine Naber, Sekile Nzinga- Johnson, Tony Orum, Amalia Pallares, Pamela Popielarz, Barbara Ransby, Gayatri Reddy, Jane Rhodes, Beth Richie, Atef Said, Laurie Schaffner, Ja- net Smith, Dave Stovall, Nik Theodore, Rachel Weber, and Emily Williams. Thanks for your endless encouragement, your generous support, and your critical feedback. I also want to thank all of the brilliant and inspiring students at UIC who continually push me to sharpen my critiques and renew my com- mitments. And a special thanks to Michelle Boyd, who provided invaluable support by coaching me through the difficult early stages of writing. More broadly, my work and my life have been enriched through personal and intellectual connections with friends and colleagues, including Ron Amin- zade, Franco Barchiesi, Lisa Bhungalia, Eduardo Bonilla- Silva, Noe Cabrera, Ben Cox, Mike Daly, Julian Go, Michael Goldman, Doug Hartmann, Lisa Hajjar, Barbara Harlow, Toyin Falola, Gary Alan Fine, Steven Hyland, Sean Jacobs, Moon- Kie Jung, Stephanie Kissam, Richard Lachmann, Darryl Li, Penny Mitchell, Carlos Morin, Jen Mosley, Martin Murray, Isaac Reed, Mary Pattillo, Jamie Peck, Monica Prasad, Mezna Qato, Kareem Rabie, Kerrie Ann Rockquemore, Gilberto Rosas, Areej Sabbagh- Khoury, Meera Shah, Hisham Sharabi (1927– 2005), John Vandenberg, Antina von Schnitzler, Brian Wood, and Loïc Wacquant. It was at the Beirut home of Hisham Sharabi that the ini- tial questions that framed this research began to crystallize. It has been wonder- ful working with all of you. I received generous financial support for my research and writing from the Palestinian American Research Center, the American Sociological Association Fund for the