Introducing Focus Europe in the Middle MAKING CONNECTIONS Ages 1000 –1500 What caused the Section 1 Peasants, Trade, and Cities formation of Section 2 Medieval Christianity universities? Section 3 Culture of the High Middle Ages Activate prior knowledge by hav- Section 4 The Late Middle Ages ing students categorize the types of institutions that provide post- secondary education. Ask: What MAKING CONNECTIONS is a university? (Possible response: What caused the formation of It is an institution of higher learning universities? that usually contains several col- The intellectual revival of the High Middle Ages led to the creation of universities. The University of Oxford, shown in this photo, formed leges and offers advanced degrees when Henry II banned English students from the University of Paris in in many subjects.) Explain that the 1167. In this chapter you will learn more about culture and society concept of the modern university during the Middle Ages. • How has the University of Oxford changed since the High traces its origins to the late Middle Middle Ages? Ages. OL • What clues in the photograph on this page tell when the University of Oxford was built? Teach The Big Ideas As students study the chapter, remind them to consider the section-based Big Ideas included in each section’s Guide to Reading. The Essential Questions in the activities below tie in to the Big 1216 Ideas and help students think 1073 Dominic de Guzmán about and understand important Gregory VII founds Dominican chapter concepts. In addition, the EUROPE elected pope order Hands-on Chapter Projects with 1000 1100 1200 their culminating activities relate THE WORLD 1100 1279 the content from each section to Problems arise between Christian Axum Kublai Khan establishes the the Big Ideas. These activities and its Muslim neighbors in Africa Yuan dynasty in China build on each other as students 332 progress through the chapter. (t) Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b) AAAC/Topham/The Image Works, Jason Hawkes/CORBIS Section activities culminate in the wrap-up activity on the Visual Summary page. Peasants, Trade, and Cities Medieval Christianity Essential Question: How do advances in Essential Question: What happens when agriculture affect both farmers and city there is no separation of church and state? dwellers? (Improvements in agriculture lead (Religious and government leaders have no clear to food surpluses, which in turn allow for special- boundaries and may get involved in each other’s ization of labor and the growth of cities.) Point concerns. Laws about religious beliefs may be out that in Section 1, students will learn how imposed on people or affect broader areas of new farming practices supported population life.) Point out that in Section 2, students will growth, and the revival of trade led to eco- learn how the Catholic Church’s strong leader- nomic changes and the rise of cities in medi- ship helped it to become a dominant presence eval Europe. OL in European society in the Middle Ages. OL 332 Introducing More About the Photo Visual Literacy The University of Oxford is famous for its spectac- ular Gothic architecture, which can be seen in its many structures located throughout the city of Oxford itself. It is believed that Oxford was a center of teaching as early as 1096, and around 1167 it started to grow quickly into a major learning institution. Today, the University of Oxford consists of 39 colleges and 7 permanent pri- FPO vate halls, with well over 15,000 students attending annually. Dinah Zike’s Foldables Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three- dimensional, interactive graphic organizers that help students practice basic writing skills, review vocabulary terms, and identify main ideas. Instructions for creating and using Foldables Cause E ffect can be found in the Appendix at Identifying Cause In!uence of Catholic Church the end of this book and in the 1347 1430 and Effect Use a Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Plague English capture 1500 Two-Tab Book to describe causes and effects related to the influence of the Skills Foldables booklet. spreads to Joan of Arc Eighty universities Catholic Church in Medieval Europe. Italy and during Hundred exist throughout Select events from each century (the France Years’ War Europe 1000s, 1100s, and 1200s) and identify two or more cause-and-effect relation- 1300 1400 1500 ships for each. (ISTORY /.,).% 1492 Christopher Columbus Introduce students to chapter reaches the Americas (ISTORY /.,).% Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 10. content and key terms by hav- ing them access the Chapter 10 Jason Hawkes/CORBIS, Stapleton Collection/CORBIS Overview at glencoe.com. Culture of the High Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages Essential Question: How does architecture Essential Question: How do changes in the reflect a society’s values? (Students may men- size of population affect a society? (Students tion buildings that occupy the most important may suggest that decreases in population may position in a community, such as government weaken a society by leading to fewer people to buildings. They may also mention styles that sug- do necessary jobs. A larger population might gest values such as order.) Point out that in strengthen a society, but also strain its resources.) Section 3, students will learn about new forms Point out that in Section 4, students will learn of church architecture as well as other aspects how disastrous forces, including epidemic dis- of medieval culture, including universities and ease and war caused widespread changes in literature. OL medieval Europe. O L 333 CHAPTER 10 • SECTION 1 Focus Peasants, Trade, and Cities During the High Middle Ages, new farming methods enabled Bellringer GUIDE TO READING Europe’s population to grow. The revival of trade led to a Daily Focus Transparency 10.1 money economy and the growth of cities. Many serfs worked Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. 450 acres 2. 600 acres 3. three-field 4. to avoid wearing out the soil 2 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 10 New farming prac- the land under the manorial system, while merchants and TRANSPARENCY 10-1 Order and Security Peasants, Trade, and Cities 1 How many acres were 2 How many acres were 3 Which system would 4 Why is it a good idea tices supported population growth, and the revival planted each year planted under the yield more food? to leave a field fallow artisans revived old cities and founded new ones. under the two-field three-field system? for a year? system? of trade led to a money-based economy and the A Small Change—A Big Reward rise of cities. Two-Field System on a 900-Acre Farm Fallow Planted 450 450 Acres Acres The New Agriculture Three-Field System on a 900-Acre Farm Content Vocabulary Fallow Planted Planted 300 300 300 • carruca (p. 334) • bourgeoisie (p. 339) Acres Acres Acres New inventions for farming and more efficient use of land contrib- • manor (p. 336) • patricians (p. 340) uted to population growth in the High Middle Ages. • serfs (p. 336) • guilds (p. 341) HISTORY & YOU A farmer can plant a very large area today using modern equip- • money economy • apprentice (p. 341) ment. Read to learn how new devices helped medieval farmers grow more food. GUIDE TO READING (p. 338) • journeymen (p. 341) • commercial capitalism • masterpiece (p. 341) (p. 338) In the Early Middle Ages, Europe had a relatively small popula- Answers to Graphic: tion. In the High Middle Ages, however, population increased Effects: merchants and artisans settled in cities, Academic Vocabulary dramatically—doubling between 1000 and 1300 from 38 million townspeople given basic liberties, city governments • technology (p. 334) • crucial (p. 334) to 74 million people. developed, guilds established What caused this huge increase? For one thing, conditions in Places Europe were more settled and peaceful after the invasions of the • Venice (p. 338) • Flanders (p. 338) Early Middle Ages had stopped. This increased peace and stabil- ity also led to an expansion in food production after 1000. Reading Strategy In part, food production increased because the climate changed Determining Cause and Effect As during the High Middle Ages and improved growing conditions. Section Spotlight Video you read, use a chart like the one below to show In addition, peasants cultivated more land when they cut down the effects of the growth of towns on medieval trees and drained swamps during the 1000s and 1100s. By 1200, To generate student interest and European society. Europeans had more land for farming than they do today. provide a springboard for class Cause Effects Changes in technology also aided the development of farming. discussion, access the Chapter 10, The Middle Ages witnessed an explosion of labor-saving devices. For example, the people of the Middle Ages harnessed the power Section 1 video at glencoe.com or Growth of of water and wind to do jobs once done by human or animal on the video DVD. Towns power. Many of these new devices were made from iron, which was mined in various areas of Europe. Iron was used to make scythes, axes, and hoes for use on farms. It was also used in ham- mers and nails for building. Iron was crucial in making the carruca, a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare. Unlike earlier plows, this plow easily turned over heavy clay soils. Because of the weight of the carruca, six or eight oxen were needed to pull it. However, oxen were slow. The inventions of a new horse collar and the horseshoe made it possible for a series of horses to pull the carruca faster and plow more land in the rocky, heavy clay soil of northern Europe.