On Non-simultaneous phases A Dissertation Presented by Franc Marušič to The Graduate School in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Stony Brook University December 2005 i Abstract of the Dissertation On Non-simultaneous Phases by Franc Marušič Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Stony Brook University 2005 According to the phase theory, the recent development of the Minimalist Program, sentences are built in smaller chunks––phases. Each phase starts out with its own numeration and is completed when the structure constructed in a phase is sent to the two interfaces, PF and LF. Thus, because of simultaneous Spell-Out, every element participating in the derivation should be both pronounced and interpreted within the same phase. But we know that certain items can be interpreted lower than where they are pronounced, as in cases of total reconstruction, or pronounced lower then where they get interpreted as a result of covert movement. Total reconstruction is analyzed as a result, following copy theory of movement, of the deletion of the lower PF copies following some potentially tricky lower-copy- deletion algorithm. Much less clear is the derivation of covert movement. We can again derive a solution using another algorithm that would delete the higher PF copy and the iii lower LF copy. Needless to say, these algorithms don't really seem to be the optimal solution. A different approach to the two phenomena is possible if we accept the existence of non-simultaneous phases. As argued by Megerdoomian (2003), Felser (2004), and Marušič and Žaucer (2004), at the point of Spell-Out, the structure built in a phase can be spelled-out to a single interface (either only to PF or only to LF). Accepting the idea of single interface spell-out, we can derive the two phenomena of non-aligned pronounciation and interpretation. If at a certain point in the derivation an element is only spelled-out to a single interface, what has not been sent off can still participate in the derivation and move on. In this way the structural positions of syntactic item's interpretation and its pronounciation are different. The main goal of this thesis is to show how the machinery of non-simultaneous Spell-Out can be used to derive both Total reconstruction and Quantifier Raising within syntax proper. The remainder of the thesis is aimed at providing further arguments for the existence of non-simultaneous Spell-Out. The arguments involve somehow long discussions of two very interesting constructions, the Slovenian FEEL-LIKE construction and the Slovenian non-finite clausal complementation. iv Table of contents: Acknowledgments................................................................................................. vii 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Background....................................................................................................2 1.1.1 TP is a phase ...........................................................................................2 1.1.2 Steps of the derivation ............................................................................6 1.2. Non-simultaneous phases..............................................................................7 1.2.1 Phases as interface units..........................................................................8 1.2.2 Mismatching interface units....................................................................8 1.2.3 The Slavic FEEL-LIKE construction........................................................11 1.2.4 Infinitives and restructuring..................................................................14 1.3 Predictions....................................................................................................16 1.3.1 Covert Movement .................................................................................16 1.3.2 Reconstruction ......................................................................................20 1.4 Outline..........................................................................................................22 2. On Total Reconstruction as a result of LF-only phases.....................................24 2.1. Total reconstruction ....................................................................................24 2.1.1 Some properties of raising constructions..............................................26 2.1.2 Earlier analyses .....................................................................................27 2.1.3 Total Reconstruction as PF Movement.................................................28 2.1.4 Why total reconstruction is not just PF movement...............................29 2.1.5 A different approach to PF movement..................................................30 2.2. On two non-standard claims .......................................................................34 2.2.1 PF plural features ..................................................................................34 2.2.2 Notes on the proposed phasal composition...........................................37 2.3 Further Issues...............................................................................................39 2.3.1 On apparent optionality.........................................................................39 2.3.2 A sequence of raising predicates...........................................................40 2.3.3 Universal quantifiers and complex likely predicates............................40 2.3.4 Ellipsis facts..........................................................................................41 2.3.5. How likely to be right about anyyhing is an Eastern European?.........42 2.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................43 3. Covert Movement – Quantifier Raising.............................................................44 3.1 Basics of Quantifier raising .........................................................................44 3.1.1 Locality .................................................................................................44 3.1.2 Analyses................................................................................................47 3.2 Structure of the DP.......................................................................................48 3.2.1 Inverse scope linking ............................................................................49 3.2.2 More on inverse scope linking..............................................................51 3.2.3 Other Phasal properties of the DP.........................................................52 3.3 quantifier raising in environments adapt for total reconstruction................55 3.4 Wh movement and partial reconstrucion .....................................................56 4. On the Intensional FEEL-LIKE Construction in Slovenian ..................................58 4.1. Introduction – overt syntax of the FEEL-LIKE construction .........................58 4.2. Temporal adverb(ial)s, VPs and modal FPs ...............................................60 4.2.1 Temporal adverb(ial)s...........................................................................60 4.2.2 Want, feel-like, etc. as lexical verbs, modals as functional 'verbs'.......64 v 4.3. Derivation of the FEEL-LIKE construction....................................................65 4.3.1 The dative argument .............................................................................66 4.3.2 SE (non-active/argument-manipulating morphology) and Agreement.67 4.3.3 The structure .........................................................................................69 4.3.4 Non-simultaneous LF and PF Spell-Out...............................................73 4.4. Syntactic support for biclausality, problems for modal analyses ...............74 4.4.1 Apparent violations of Cinque's (1999) adverbial hierarchy................74 4.4.2 Scopal ambiguity with modals..............................................................77 4.4.3 Restrictions on complements of aspectual verbs ..................................78 4.4.4 Depictive secondary predicates.............................................................79 4.4.5 Manner adverb(ial)s and intensifiers ....................................................80 4.4.6 (Overt) prefixes on the null FEEL-LIKE..................................................82 4.5. FEEL-LIKE across languages.........................................................................85 4.5.1 The 'passive' variant..............................................................................85 4.5.2 A tentative typology..............................................................................87 4.6. The (intensional) semantics of the FEEL-LIKE construction ........................91 4.6.1 Diagnosing intensionality .....................................................................91 4.6.2 Intensionality of the FEEL-LIKE construction ........................................92 4.6.3 Modals and intensionality (strong/hyper- vs. weak intensionality)......94 4.6.4 More on the interpretation of FEEL-LIKE ...............................................94 4.7. Phonologically null/silent verbs..................................................................98 4.7.1 Null verb FEEL-LIKE or an elided non-active hoteti 'want'? ..................99 4.7.2 Recoverability and