CAST GALLERY Section Contents 1. History of the Collection 2. Cast Collection listed by historical period 3. A History of Greek Sculpture Based on the Cast Collection a. Archaic Period, Introduction b. Fifth Century BCE, Introduction c. Second Half of Fifth Century BCE, Introduction d. Fifth Century, 425-400 BCE e. Fourth Century BCE, Introduction 4. Hellenistic Period, Introduction 5. Greek Architectural Orders 6. Cast Collection listed by location in Pickard Hall 7. Cast Gallery Expanded Labels MAA 6/2012 Docent Manual Volume 1 Cast Gallery 1 CAST GALLERY History of the Collection The University of Missouri-Columbia owns about one hundred plaster casts of sculpture, mainly Greek or Roman, but eleven represent later periods. In addition, scale models of parts of three buildings are examples of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. Four of the casts were the gift of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in 1973, but the bulk of the collection was personally selected for the University in 1895 and 1902 by John Pickard (1858- 1937), Professor of Classical Archaeology and founder, in 1892, of the Department of Art History and Archaeology at the University of Missouri. The records of the 1895 purchase show that the first fifty casts and the architectural models were acquired from casting studios in Germany, France, and England. Apparently no correspondence exists concerning the second acquisition in 1902, but the local newspaper reported that thirty or forty casts were acquired. Until 1940 the collection was displayed in a large gallery on the third floor of Academic Hall, the campus administration building, now called Jesse Hall, but, for a twenty-year period from 1940 to 1960, the casts were hidden from view, pushed aside to provide space for art classes. In 1960, the Art Department moved, and the Department of Art History and Archaeology was re-established. (In 1935, it had been split between the departments of Art and Classics.) The casts were brought back out, cleaned, and painted. In 1975 the collection was transferred to Pickard Hall where it is now housed, most of it in a gallery on the first floor, but some in the lecture hall, hallways, offices, and museum storage. Pickard Hall, the old Chemistry Building, was renovated in 1975-76 as the home of the Museum of Art and Archaeology and the Department of Art History and Archaeology. A tradition arose that the casts were exhibited at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis in 1904. The catalogue of the exposition makes no mention of casts of Greek and Roman sculpture, however, and a search through The Columbia Daily Tribune from August 29, 1903 to December 31, 1904 revealed no mention of an exodus of casts from the museum in Academic Hall to St. Louis, nor of their return. The university's exhibit at the exposition is mentioned, however, and Dr. Pickard is described as having secured increased space for it. Although plaster casts of sculpture are not included, a model in plaster of the university's grounds and buildings is listed as part of the university's exhibit. Perhaps this and Dr. Pickard's involvement in the exposition gave rise to the local tradition that the plaster casts of Greek and Roman sculpture also went to the Fair. Casts were included in the exposition, but these were acquired especially for it and were given to Southeast Missouri State Normal School (now Southeast Missouri State University) by Mr. Louis Houck, who acquired them at the exposition and presented them in 1904. (MAA 8/97) MAA 6/2012 Docent Manual Volume 1 Cast Gallery 2 CAST GALLERY Cast Collection Listed By Historical Period Archaic Period Kouros from Tenea, ca. 575-550 BCE, Munich, Glyptothek. Athena, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, West Pediment, ca. 490 BCE, Munich, Glyptothek Fifth Century BCE Harmodios the Tyrannicide, Roman copy of a bronze from the group by Kritios and Nesiotes, ca. 477-476 BCE, Naples, National Archaeological Museum. Charioteer, bronze original, ca. 475-470 BCE, Delphi, Museum. Diskobolos or Discus Thrower, Roman copy of a bronze original by Myron, ca. 460-450 BCE, Rome, Vatican Museums. Apollo, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, West Pediment, ca. 465-457 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Head of Lapith Youth, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, West Pediment, ca. 465-457 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Head of Lapith Woman, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, West Pediment, ca. 465-457 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Head of Theseus, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, West Pediment, ca. 465-457 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Head of Deïdameia, bride of the Lapith king Peirithoos, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, West Pediment, ca. 465-457 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Herakles and Atlas, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Metope, ca. 465-457 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Ludovisi Throne, three-sided relief, ca. 460 BCE, Rome, National Museum. Athena Lemnia (?), Roman copy of a bronze original by Phidias, ca. 450-440 BCE, head in Bologna, Museo Civico and body in Dresden, Albertinum. Two Goddesses, The Parthenon, East Pediment, ca. 437-432 BCE, London, British Museum. Centaur and Lapith, The Parthenon, Metope, ca. 447-443 BCE, London, British Museum. Panathenaic Procession; Rider, The Parthenon, West Frieze, ca. 442-438 BCE, Athens. Panathenaic Procession; Marshal, The Parthenon, East Frieze, ca. 442-438 BCE, original missing. MAA 6/2012 Docent Manual Volume 1 Cast Gallery 3 CAST GALLERY Head of the Diadoumenos, or Fillet Binder, Roman copy of bronze original by Polykleitos, ca. 440-430 BCE, Naples, National Museum. Doryphoros, or Spear Bearer, Roman copy of a bronze original by Polykleitos, ca. 450-440 BCE, Naples, National Museum. Nike, by Paionios, ca. 425-420 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Battle of Greeks and Amazons, relief from the frieze of the Temple of Apollo at Phigaleia (Bassai), late 5th c. BCE, London, British Museum. Athena Velletri, Roman copy of a Greek work, perhaps by Kresilas, ca. 420 BCE, Paris, Louvre Museum. Karyatid, the Erechtheion, Athens, ca. 421-406 BCE, London, British Museum. Nike, Temple of Athena Nike, ca. 410-400 BCE, Athens, Acropolis Museum. Athlete, Roman copy of a Greek original, ca. 450-440 BCE Munich, Glyptothek Fourth Century BCE Battle of Greeks and Amazons, the Mausoleion at Halikarnassos, ca. 360-340 BCE, London, British Museum. Hermes and Dionysos, by Praxiteles, ca. 350-330 BCE, Olympia, Museum. Torso of Satyr, attributed to Praxiteles, ca. 370-355 BCE, Paris, Louvre Museum. Artemis from Gabii, Roman copy of a statue attributed to Praxiteles, ca. 360-330 BCE, Paris, Louvre Museum. Head of the Demeter of Knidos, ca. 350 BCE, London, British Museum. Head of Euripides, Roman copy of a Greek original, ca. 350-325 BCE, Rome, Vatican Museums. Woman from Herculaneum, Roman copy of a Greek original, ca. 340-330 BCE, Dresden, Albertinum. Head, Temple of Athena Alea, Tegea, Pediment, perhaps by Skopas, ca. 350 BCE, Athens, National Museum. Apoxyomenos, or Youth Scraping Himself, Roman copy of a bronze original by Lysippos, ca. 340-325 BCE, Rome, Vatican Museums. Alexander: the Azara Bust, Roman copy of an original perhaps Lysippos, ca. 330-323 BCE, MAA 6/2012 Docent Manual Volume 1 Cast Gallery 4 CAST GALLERY Paris, Louvre Museum. Dancing Woman, Roman copy of a flute girl by Lysippos, ca. 320 BCE, Berlin, Staatliche Museum. Sophokles, Roman copy of a Greek original, ca. 340-330 BCE, Rome, Vatican Museums. Hellenistic Period Nike of Samothrace, ca. 200 BCE, Paris, Louvre Museum. Medici Aphrodite (Venus de Medici), type of Knidian Aphrodite, early 3rd c. BCE, Florence, Uffizi Gallery. Apollo Belevdere, Roman copy of a Greek original, ca. 200-150 BCE, Rome, Vatican Museums. Zeus Battling the Giants, from the frieze of the Altar of Zeus and Athena, Pergamon, ca. 180 BCE, Berlin Museum. Borghese Warrior, signed by Agasias, ca. 100 BCE, Paris, Louvre Museum. Aphrodite (Venus Genetrix), Roman copy of a Greek original by Arkesilaos, ca. 50 BCE, Paris, Louvre Museum. Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo), ca. 150-100 BCE, Paris, Louvre Museum. Homer, Roman copy of Late Hellenistic work, ca. 150 BCE, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Laokoon and his Sons, by Hagesandros, Polydorus and Athanodoros, late 1st c. BCE-early 1st c. A.D., Rome, Vatican Museums. Roman Period Head of Roman Matron, ca. 200 A.D., Naples, National Museum. Ludovisi Hera, Roman work in the Greek manner of 4th c. BCE, Rome, National Museum. MAA 6/2012 Docent Manual Volume 1 Cast Gallery 5 CAST GALLERY A History of Greek Sculpture Based on the Cast Collection (MAA 8/97) The following account incorporates excerpts from William R. Biers, The Archaeology of Greece, An Introduction, 2nd edition (Cornell University Press 1996), by kind permission of the author. Problems of Identification and Interpretation of Greek Sculpture The Romans were great collectors, and works of what was for them already ancient Greek art were especially prized. Statues were carried off by the shipload from Greek lands both as war loot and as "collectibles." The source was soon exhausted, however, so the practice of making copies of works of famous artists of the past became a thriving business. With the loss of the original statues, we must depend mainly on Roman copies for an idea of the style of the famous artists of Greece. Unfortunately, there are serious drawbacks to our enforced reliance on copies made for the Roman market. Copies of Greek originals were made in many ways by artists of widely varying abilities. A statue could be copied more or less freehand or by means of a "pointing machine" that gave almost exact reproductions. Further problems arise in the ease with which a given type--for instance, a young athlete--could be changed into another type, such as Hermes, by the simple addition of an attribute by the copyist.