UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Cephalopod-Inspired Reflectin-Based Photonic Devices DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the full degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Materials Science and Engineering by Long Phan Dissertation Committee: Professor Alon A. Gorodetsky, Chair Professor Nancy Da Silva Professor Francesco Tombola 2016 Portions of Chapter 1 reprinted with permission from L. Phan, et al. Chem. Mater., 2016, 28, 6804–6816. © 2016 American Chemical Society Portions of Chapter 2 © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Portions of Chapter 3 reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry Portions of Chapter 4 © 2016 Gorodetsky Group for Biomolecular Electronics at the University of California, Irvine Portions of Chapter 5 reprinted with permission from L. Phan, et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, 278–284. © 2015 American Chemical Society Portions of Chapter 6 © 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry All other materials © 2016 Long Phan DEDICATION To Mom and Dad, you risked your lives to provide me with this opportunity, and so, I will forever strive to honor your sacrifice. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... xvi CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................................................. xvii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ......................................................................................xx CHAPTER 1: Dynamic Materials Inspired by Cephalopods ..........................................................1 1.1: Abstract ........................................................................................................................1 1.2: Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 1.3: Switchable Coloration ..................................................................................................5 1.4: Hierarchical Multiplexing and Pixelation ...................................................................11 1.5: Shape and Texture Modulation ...................................................................................18 1.6: Conclusion and Implications .....................................................................................23 1.7: References ...................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 2: Reconfigurable Infrared Camouflage Coatings from a Cephalopod Protein ........33 2.1: Abstract ......................................................................................................................33 2.2: Introduction ................................................................................................................33 2.3: Results and Discussion ..............................................................................................34 2.4: Conclusion ..................................................................................................................41 2.5: Supplementary Information .......................................................................................41 2.6: Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................56 2.7: References ..................................................................................................................57 CHAPTER 3: Infrared Invisibility Stickers Inspired by Cephalopods .........................................60 3.1: Abstract ......................................................................................................................60 3.2: Introduction ................................................................................................................60 3.3: Results and Discussion ..............................................................................................62 3.4: Conclusion .................................................................................................................70 3.5: Supplementary Information ........................................................................................71 3.6: Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................78 3.7: References ..................................................................................................................78 CHAPTER 4: Protochromic Devices from Reflectin ...................................................................81 4.1: Abstract ......................................................................................................................81 4.2: Introduction ................................................................................................................81 4.3: Results and Discussion ..............................................................................................84 4.4: Conclusion .................................................................................................................92 4.5: Supplementary Information ........................................................................................93 4.6: Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................97 4.7: References ..................................................................................................................98 iii CHAPTER 5: Reflectin as a Material for Neural Stem Cell Growth ..........................................102 5.1: Abstract ....................................................................................................................102 5.2: Introduction ..............................................................................................................102 5.3: Results and Discussion .............................................................................................104 5.4: Conclusion ................................................................................................................111 5.5: Supplementary Information .....................................................................................112 5.6: Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................117 5.7: References ................................................................................................................118 CHAPTER 6: Production and Electrical Characterization of the Reflectin A2 Isoform from Doryteuthis (Loligo) Pealeii ...............................................................................126 6.1: Abstract ....................................................................................................................126 6.2: Introduction ..............................................................................................................126 6.3: Results and Discussion .............................................................................................127 6.4: Conclusion ................................................................................................................135 6.5: Supplementary Information ......................................................................................135 6.6: Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................141 6.7: References ................................................................................................................142 CHAPTER 7: Conclusion ...........................................................................................................146 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: A) Painting by Giuseppe Arcimboldo depicting Vertumnus, the Roman mythological god of seasons, who is able to alter his form at will. B) Painting by Paulus Moreelse, in which Vertumnus has changed form into an old woman to woo Pomona. C) Medieval woodcut by Hans Weiditz of a human who has transformed into a wolf and is attacking two men. Part A [Public Domain] was reproduced via Wikimedia Commons. Part B [Public Domain] was reproduced via Wikimedia Commons. Part C [Public Domain] was reproduced via Wikimedia Commons. .........2 Figure 1.2: A) Camouflaged octopus positioned on a rock. The animal alters the coloration, texture, and morphology of its skin to match the surrounding environment, making it difficult to discern (left). When disturbed, the octopus changes its appearance and becomes visible (right). B) Squid with mottled and partially transparent skin, which is difficult to distinguish from the rock in the background (left). After the squid alters the coloration of its skin, the animal becomes clearly visible. Part A was reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Copyright 2007. ...............................3 Figure 1.3: A) Picture of cuttlefish skin that shows leucophores (white), iridophores (green), and chromatophores (yellow, red, and dark brown). B) Diagram of “typical” cephalopod skin that illustrates the optical functionality of leucophores, iridophores, and chromatophores. The leucophores serve as diffuse white reflectors, the iridophores serve as dynamic Bragg reflectors, and the chromatophores serve as size-variable spectral filters. The picture