UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1998 A sturdy house built on shifting soil: Separation of powers Interpretations from the bench Michael Justin Sibley University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Sibley, Michael Justin, "A sturdy house built on shifting soil: Separation of powers Interpretations from the bench" (1998). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/i7kn-te0p This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. 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A STURDY HOUSE BUILT ON SHIFTING SOIL: SEPARATION OF POWERS INTERPRETATIONS FROM THE BENCH by Michael Justin Sibley Bachelor of Arts University of Michigan 1990 Bachelor of Science (ed.) University of South Dakota 1992 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Department of Political Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 1998 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1392312 UMI Microform 1392312 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thesis Approval UND/ The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas July 9 _ 1998 The Thesis prepared by Michael Justin Sibley Entitled A Sturdy House Built on Shifting Soil; Separation of Powers Interpretations from the Bench_______________________________ is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Political Science________________ Examination Committee Chair L-<. .4. Dean of the (ijjiduate College Examination Committee Member Examinfitidn-CommitteèMember ■ 'Graduate CollegeFaculty'^reSiresentative U Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT A Sturdy House Built on Shifting Soil: Separation of Powers Interpretations from the Bench by Michael Justin Sibley Dr. Jerry Simich, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Political Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas This thesis explores the development of the separation of powers doctrine and its application by the United States Supreme Court. Its analysis will focus upon the six different approaches to the doctrine that the Court has employed over the past two himdred years. Moreover, it will show that these six methods of analysis; which include the textual, original intent, structural, institutional competence, historical practice, and values approaches, have often been mixed single cases. The approach that is employed is these separation of powers cases often dictates their outcome. In many of these cases, a different approach may have led to a substantially different outcome. Thus, it will show that the doctrine has grown to have an ambiguous nature. This is both confusing and constraining to law makers and has led to the argument that the separation of powers doctrine no longer has a place in our modem political world. ui Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................iii CHAPTER 1 HISTORIC FOUNDATIONS..........................................................................1 CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOCTRINE IN AMERICA........................... 34 CHAPTER 3 THE TEXTUAL APPROACH TO THE DOCTRINE............................... 60 CHAPTER 4 FORMALISM: IN SEARCH OF ORIGINAL INTENT ..............................72 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONALISM: THE STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO SEPARATION OF POWERS INTERPRETATION............................ 86 CHAPTER 6 HISTORIC PRACTICE AND INSTITUTIONAL COMPETENCE: HOW THE BALANCE OF POWER HAS BEEN ALLOWED TO SHIFT............................................................................................................ 102 CHAPTER 7 THE VALUES APPROACH AND THE FUTURE OF THE DOCTRINE...................................................................................................119 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 128 VITA.................................................................................................................................... 134 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I HISTORIC FOUNDATIONS The separation of powers doctrine has long been considered one of the most fundamental and unique principles of the American Constitution. At the same time, it seems to be one of the most misunderstood. Debate continues today in regard to the original nature and intent of this mechanism. Moreover, it is highly contested whether or not the separation of powers, as it exists in the United States government today, is true to that purpose. Before examining whether current judicial analysis regarding the doctrine is in line with the functions that the framers of our Constitution had intended it, two fundamental questions must be answered: What is the relationship, if any, of separation of powers to the older concept of mixed government and what is the cormection between the organization of the government through separation of powers and the political goal of checks and balances? The answer to both of these questions can be discovered through an inquiry into the evolution of the separation of powers doctrine. In order to understand the separation of powers which is paramount to our Constitution, it is important to analyze the conceptual models from which it derived. The theory of mixed government seeks to divide political authority on the basis of social classes, mixing within one government several different types of government. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 Although this mixture takes different forms, its intent is to create a balance which will provide political stability and protection against abuses of political authority. (Diamond in L. Strauss 1981,587) Institutions, social classes and principles that were believed to be inherent within these classes were combined in the hope of achieving a sensible balance. Essential to this balance was the prescribed relationship of the classes in the constitutional framework, and the role of each class within the governing process. (Knight 1989,2). In contrast to the more modem system of separation of powers that our constitutional framers devised, mixed government derives from classical Greek, Roman, and Medieval thought. In perhaps its earliest version, Plato proposed a combination of monarchy and democracy to achieve balance. In Laws. Book III, he notes that 'there are two mother forms of states from which the rest may be truly said to be derived; and one of them may be called monarchy and the other democracy”. The balance which he believes to be crucial