UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK OLLSCOIL LUIMNIGH Missale Vetus: Liturgy, Palaeography and Repertories in the Notated Missal EXcl 3515 Anne Mannion Internal Supervisor: Dr. Helen Phelan External Supervisor: Dr. Emma Hornby Submitted to the Irish World Academy of Music and Dance, University of Limerick, May 2012, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT EXcl 3515 is a notated missal located in Exeter Cathedral. To date, it has received very little attention from chant scholars. This neglect is due possibly to the absence of a liturgical Kalendar and evidence of local saints in the Sanctorale. Its general assignment to the thirteenth century with a generic English origin shows that critical questions concerning provenance and dating have been overlooked. In addition, no in- depth analysis of the liturgical observance in the missal has been undertaken to date. This study seeks to address these omissions. The missal is comprised of four disparate sections, which were put together in a seamless manner to create a full liturgy. However, the parts are not so separate as hitherto believed. The current study reveals new information on the structure and format of the missal; this in turn affects questions of chronology. An added fragment provides the crucial key to unlocking the relationship of the sections to one another. Drawing on methods used by scholars such as Hiley, Hughes and Karp, this comparative investigation indicates an Exeter provenance and a twelfth-century dating for the missal. Despite the seemingly neutral quality of the Sanctorale the inclusion of Saints such as St Blaise and St Leonard enable us to recognise and identify a distinct Use. Of particular interest are the continental links to the Loire Valley that emerge throughout the thesis. The Fleury post-Pentecostal alleluias are a unique series in this insular source. Further evidence of influence from the Loire Valley is found in the notation and melodic variants. Not only do the prayers and chants provide valuable information about the liturgical affiliations and influences in EXcl 3515, but also a study of the script hands adds significant new data about insular ‘Protogothic’ script and notation. EXcl 3515 represents a transitional stage in the development of script and notation before the widespread influence of Gothic script and square notation that represent the thirteenth century. Therefore, the focus of this study is to highlight the significance of EXcl 3515 and its unique place among the chant sources of the twelfth century. EXcl 3515 is the sole surviving complete insular missal with notation that pre-dates Sarum Use. Therefore, it is a unique and invaluable witness to a secular liturgy from the South- West of England. ii Declaration I hereby declare that this is my own work and has not been submitted for the award of any Degree in any other University or Third Level Institution. Anne Mannion Signed: ________________________________ Date: ________________ Supervisors: Dr. Helen Phelan / Dr. Emma Hornby Signed: ________________________________Date: _________________ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my deepest gratitude to the Dean and Chapter of Exeter Cathedral for granting permission to acquire digital images of the manuscript EXcl 3515. Without this facility the project would not have been possible. I am indebted to my two supervisors, Dr Emma Hornby, University of Bristol and Dr Helen Phelan, University of Limerick for their continual support, expert advice, stimulation and guidance throughout the whole study period. I wish to thank Professor Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin for encouraging me, at the very beginning, to enrol for the MA course in Chant and Ritual Song. Little did I realise the extraordinary journey that awaited me. It was my wonderful good fortune to study under Dr Nick Sandon for the MA in Chant and I take this opportunity to extend to him my sincerest thanks for introducing me to the world of chant research. It was a great privilege to study under him. I am indebted to the two wonderful librarians at Limerick University, Carmel Byrnes and Anne Butler, who tirelessly sought chant books and articles from obscure shelves in libraries all over England. Also, I wish to thank Peter Thomas, the Exeter librarian for his warm welcome and tremendous help during the visits to the Cathedral Library. I am very much indebted to Tommy Joyce who gave his expert assistance in editing the full thesis and gave so generously of his time. And finally, but not least, I give my heartfelt thanks to my husband, Martin, and to my four children (Clara, Maria, Paul and John), to my parents (Sean and Phenai), sisters (Hilary and Bobbie), and mother- in-law (Kathleen) who made this study possible through their tireless support and endless encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Declaration iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents v List of Tables x List of Music Examples xii List of Abbreviations xiv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Focus of the Study 2 Aims and Objectives 2 Literature Review 3 Provenance and Dating 3 Notation 4 Script 6 Liturgical and Melodic Tradition in EXcl 3515 7 Continental Links 9 Format of the Thesis 11 CHAPTER TWO: CODICOLOGY, DATING AND PROVENANCE 13 Introduction 14 Structure of the Manuscript 17 Codicological Outline of EXcl 3515 18 The Added Fragment (Section II) 19 The Main Sanctorale (Section III) 20 Later Additions (Section IV) 21 Summary 21 Reconstructed Kalendar for EXcl 3515 22 Saints Venerated in the Added Fragment (Section II) 23 St Blaise 23 Supplementary Sanctorale? 24 Anomalies in the Main Sanctorale 26 Comparison of Twelfth-Century Exeter Kalendars 27 Feast of the Annunciation 28 St Thomas of Canterbury 29 v Ember Days 30 Marginal Additions 31 A Donation Inscription 31 Missale Vetus in the 1327 Inventory 32 The Welesford List of Names 34 Conclusions 36 CHAPTER THREE: EXAMINATION OF THE SCRIPT IN EXCL 3515 39 Introduction 40 Protogothic Script 40 Protogothic Style of EXcl 3515 42 Analysis of Main Hands in EXcl 3515 44 Hand A 44 Hand B 45 Hand C 46 Hand D 47 Hands E/F 49 Hands G/H/J 51 Twelfth-Century Manuscripts of Exeter Provenance/Connection 52 Datable Exeter Sources 54 Comparison of Harley 863 with EXcl 3515 54 Analysis of Script Hands in the Bodleian Manuscripts of Exeter Provenance 57 Summary of the Comparative Analysis of Script Hands in the Bodleian Manuscripts 59 Conclusions 61 CHAPTER 4: EXAMINATION OF THE NOTATION IN EXCL 3515 67 Introduction 68 Identification of the Types of Notation in EXcl 3515 71 Identification of the Music Hands in EXcl 3515 72 Type A Notation: Anglo-Norman Point-Neume 74 Music Hand 1 (Temporale 1) 74 Music Hand 2 (Temporale 1) 76 Music Hand 4 (Main Sanctorale) 77 Music Hand 5 (Common of Saints) 78 vi Type B Notation: Anglo-Norman 79 Music Hand 3 (Temporale 2) 79 Examples of Music Hand 3 with other English Sources 81 EXcl 3548B: Fragment of a Notated Missal 82 Summary of Music Hands in EXcl 3515 83 Comparative Study with English ‘Anglo-Norman Point-Neume’ Sources 84 Oxford Bodley Auct. F.2.14 87 Oxford New College 159 88 Oxford Bodley 120 89 Summary of the Comparative Analysis of Point-Neume Notation in English Sources 92 Continental Notation Similar to EXcl 3515 93 Conclusions 99 CHAPTER FIVE: IDENTIFICATION OF THE LITURGICAL AND MELODIC TRADITION IN EXcl 3515 Section 1: The Sacramentary 102 Introduction to the Sources: 104 Oxford Bodley 579 105 Sarum Sources 106 Sarum Characteristics 106 Sacramentary of EXcl 3515: Temporale 108 Collect for St Stephen 108 Secrets 113 Postcommunions 114 Ember Days in September 115 Sacramentary of EXcl 3515: Sanctorale 116 Unique Feasts in the Sanctorale 123 Summary 124 Section II: Gradual 125 Liturgical Assignment of Chants in EXcl 3515, Oxford Bodley 579 and Sarum: Temporale 126 Introit and Communion 127 Offertory 130 Gradual and Alleluia 131 vii Sanctorale 132 Summary 135 Alleluia Repertories in EXcl 3515 136 Post-Pentecostal Alleluias 136 Comparison of the Post-Pentecostal Alleluias in EXcl 3515, Leofric Missal and Sarum Sources 137 Post-Pentecostal Alleluias in British Sources 138 Easter Week Alleluias 136 Easter Week Alleluias in British Sources 142 Alleluia: Surrexit pastor bonus 143 Comparison of Chants in Oxford Bodley 579 and EXcl 3515 144 The Leofric Missal: Musical Repertory 145 Comparative Table of Chants in the Leofric Missal and EXcl 3515 146 Analysis of the Notated Chants in the Leofric Missal and EXcl 3515 147 Summary of the Comparative Investigation 148 Melodic Variants 149 Identifying Musical Traditions in English Sources 149 Graduel Romain and EXcl 3515 151 Summary of the Melodic Variants 151 Conclusions 152 CHAPTER SIX: DISTINCTIVE ITEMS IN EXCL 3515 Introduction 158 Departures from Tradition 158 Modal Ambiguities 159 Introit Accipite jocunditatem 160 Modal Classification of Accipite jocunditatem 162 Musical Analysis Accipite jocunditatem 165 Summary 166 Communion Oportet te 168 Variant melodies 169 Identification of a New Variant 169 Musical Analysis of Oportet te 170 Alleluia Dies sanctificatus 171 Variants in Dies sanctificatus 171 The Jubilus in Dies sanctificatus 174 Summary 176 viii Rare Alleluias in EXcl 3515 178 Hodie sancte innocentes/Rex noster 178 Melodic Variants in Hodie sancte innocentes 180 Dijon/ Fécamp Alleluias 181 Bec Alleluias 182 Summary of Alleluias 183 A Use of Exeter? Marginal additions 183 Liturgical Reform at Exeter 184 Summary 187 Conclusions 188 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION 191 Overview 192 Aims of the Research 192 Overview of the Research Questions 193 Implications of the Findings 196