LIBRA HY OF THE .. .7 U N I VERS ITY OF I LLI NOIS V. p assess as*" University ofM"^^™ L161-H41 4 THE POLES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 'tf^~ /z^z*/ &ia^r?as7rT€rc>€^-' /<f 0%/<yy /m 0,7-V1&OC/0^1^—~ ^"V fe9 : THE POLES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. &n fefetorical ^obel. WITH A SKETCH OF THE POLISH COSSACKS BY COUNT HENRY KRASINSKI AUTHOR OF " VITOLD," " POLISH ARISTOCRACY," ETC. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON T. C. NEWBY, 65, MORTIMER STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE. 1843. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Copies Their Graces the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch 5 His Grace the late Duke of Cleveland 1 Her Grace the Duchess of Sutherland 15 Prince E. Sapieha The Marchioness of Lansdowne The Right Hon. The Earl of Burlington The Right Hon. The Earl of Zetland The Right Hon. Lord Viscount Morpeth The Right Hon. Lord Viscount Sandon Count Adolphe Krosnowski Count Charles Wanierski . Lord Dudley Stuart, Vice President of the Literary Asso ciation of the Friends of Poland The Right Hon. Lord Brougham and Vaux Lord Wallace Lady Cifford Constable Lady Clayton Ulverston . Lady Le Fleming . Lady Dallas Sir George Musgrave Sir Hedworth Williamson Sir Charles and Lady Shaw The Right Hon. W. N. Ridley Colburne, M.P. J. Bowes, Esq., M.P. T. Green, M.P. P. H. Howard, Esq., M.P. G. W. Wood, Esq., M.P. Wilson Patten, Esq., M.P. H. Rich, Esq., M.P. General Mycielski Colonel Macleod . Colonel Cradock . Colonel Weimess . Lieutenant Colonel Goldie Major Cholmondley, 8th Hussars Thos.Wentworth Beaumont, Esq., President of the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland A Dignitary of the Church A. Ainslie, Esq. Wm. Gale, Esq. Thomas Ward, Esq. G. G. Mounsey, Esq. Thomas Scott, Esq. T. B. Morritt, Esq. T. Maire Witham, Esq. E. G. Hornby, Esq. Mrs. W. Fell Mrs. Nedham, Miss P Francis Yarker, Esq. Rev. M. Maxwell . Rev. B. M'Hugh . Rev. R. Gwyllym, . T. Smith, Esq. Mr. Finley Mrs. Rawlinson T. Tolming, Esq . H. LafFer, Esq. W. Harrison, Esq. J. Fergusson, Esq. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS (Continued.) Copies Mrs. Frederick Philips Rupert Ingleby, Esq. William Nield, Esq. J. Eager, Esq. M.D. Seweryn Rakowski T. Robinson, Esq. Rev. J. Tate Mr. Ignatius Szczepanowski Mr. Rothwell Mackenzie, Esq., CJaptain Binns Captain Pew Lach Szjrma, Collegiate Colonel John Dixon, Esq. Mrs. George Dixon Mrs. Robert Jackson Mr. Harrison, Jun. T. Scogal, Esq. Mrs. Harrison Mr. Gerard Gandy Danish Consul General E. Beales, Esq J. Heron, Esq Mr. Gotham Rev. G. Green, R. Hugh, N. M'Cornish Rev Daniel Hearne Dr. James Eager's friend J. Mackland, Esq J. Leening, Esq Mr. J. Peiser Miss Ainsworth Miss Bently Miss M'Connell . Mrs. Gibb Daniel Lee, Esq . T. Duggar, Esq . Thomas Boothman, Esq, Jun, Mrs. Agnew, Mr. L. B. Delaunay Mr. Kazanecki Hodson Nicholson, Esq Albanebi, Esq T. Kershaw, Esq C. Souchay, Esq J. Ingle!>y, Esq Mr. James Atherton William Langton, Esq Captain Rutherford Mr. James Wheeler P. Lucas, Esq W. Behrins, Esq . Mr. James Murray Mrs. Bateman Mrs. Fairboirn Mrs. II. Houldsworth Mr. Winter Miss Winter John Jamenson, Esq Ni PREFACE. Poland, which defended Europe during six centuries, from the inroads of Barbarians, now slumbers under Moscovite oppression ; yet bearing her misfortunes with such great for- titude, that her enemies doubt whether they will ever be able entirely to crush her : for it appears as if she were marked out by the Supreme Disposer of human destinies, to re-appear in the political world, for the purpose of liberating mil- 11 lions of slaves from the ignominious bondage of the Russian Government. In spite of the French wars of 1807 and 1812, and the quick tide of Napoleon's glory, very little is known of Poland in Western Europe. True, some accounts were published of her, but they were rather problematic suppositions, than descriptions worthy of notice, —for it has ever been the policy of Russia to suppress all interesting publications relative to Poland. Having spent several years of my boyhood in Lithuania, Podolia, the Ukraine, and in Austro-Polish Gallicia, and educated in the last kingdom of Poland, established in 1815, by the Congress of Vienna, and suppressed by Russia in 1831, and having served before, and in the last war against Russia in the Polish army, together with my connexions and tra- velling, I have acquired some knowledge of my unfortunate country. As no work of this kind has been published • t • 111 in England, illustrative of the habits, customs, and manners of the Polish nation, I have, though I fear very imperfectly, endeavoured to describe the country life of the Polish nobility, their unbounded hospitality ; the prejudices, the superstitions of the people, their amusements, marriages, and whatever may be worthy of notice. In sketching the character of my heroine, a fair daughter of the blue mountains of Cum- berland, I have endeavoured to describe the dangers to which every young lady of sensibility and strong feelings, may be exposed, without the watchful eye of a mother. Passionately fond of field-sports, and having hunted nearly every species of wild animal to be found in Poland, besides the Bison, I have par- ticularly' dwelt on shooting descriptions. Anxious to give a useful description of Poland, not only to the English people, but to the English aristocracy, the fairest, most virtuous, IV and most patriotic aristocracy in the world ;• the strongest pillar of the welfare of Great Britain, the protection to true liberty, and the annihilation of anarchy, — I have added to the novel, many historical, statistical, geographical, and com- mercial descriptions of ancient Poland. I recommend to my readers an attentive perusal of the notes, in which I bring to mind Stanislaus Zolkiewski, the celebrated Conqueror of the Czars, one of the finest characters of his time. Having read immensely, and possessing a good memory, I may unintentionally have made use of foreign words, but the whole work is purely my own original production. If some of the ideas are of a gloomy cast, it is not to be wondered at; it has arisen from, and * It must be gratifying to the feelings of the Polish exiles, that Her Grace the Duchess of Sutherland and the Marchioness of Ailesbury seem to be, among many others, the warmest advocates of the cause of Poland. is in harmony with, my stormy life ; torn from my father-land, with the darkest prospect for the future, time only can snatch from memory cherished faces appearing as if covered with a mysterious veil, before they will be fully drowned in the sea of the past. i" dedicate this work to the British Nation, CHAPTER I. Seest thou yon castle on the beetling crag, That flings its mighty shadow on the lake 1 "lis beauty's dwelling, lapped in innocence: Though all is dark without, 'tis fair within. Old Play. Between Jurborg,* and the time-worn fortress of Vielona, in Samogitia,t on the banks of the Niemen, at the summit of a steep mountain, the dark brow of which frowns upon a majestic lake bathing its precipitous side, the proud castle of RavdanJ rears its grey gothic towers. Its broad moat overhung by a pon- derous draw-bridge, the loop-holes in its dingy, moss-clad walls, in which huge, rusty cannon- * Pronounced Yoorborg.* t Province in north-west of Lithuania. t Pronounced Ravedugne. VOL. I. B * THE POLES IN' balls appear more than half embedded, involve a thousand gloomy associations, while with solemn truth they record the unchronicled struggles of some aspiring foe, and at the same time shew, that not grandeur alone, but the necessity also of an impregnable retreat in times of storm and danger, had caused the erection of this stupendous pile. On a beautiful morning, in the year 1604, two females were walking on the terrace behind the castle: a small Corsican pony, of a bright roan colour, was sometimes trotting before them, sometimes behind : ever and anon it would stop and look at them, as if taking an interest in their animated dialogue, while it continued to give them a thousand dumb proofs of attach- ment, which, when evinced even by a brute creature, awakens a feeling of kindness in any lord of the creation, whose soul has not been deadened by selfishness and ingratitude. One of the females was tall and well formed : her dress was superior to that of an inferior menial, : THE SEVENTEETH CENTURY. 3 yet it lacked the distinctions of elevated life her manners, though provincial and unrefined, were neither repulsive nor rude. She had large blue eyes ; her countenance bespoke frankness and sincerity ; her florid cheeks still preserved the unsunken fulness of youthful years, but here and there a wrinkle, indiscreet tell-tale of de- clining life, and a few grey hairs, which seemed to take a wanton pleasure in shewing them- selves, despite her efforts to conceal them, told but too plainly, that she had reached that period of womanhood, at which the triumphs of de- parted charms are frequently vaunted, even by the wittiest dames, whose hearts have become insensible to the soft whispers of love, and who are now unable to find in the mighty mass of human existence, one sympathetic soul that may breathe forth the tender declaration of affection. This respectable person was Rosalie Snarska, the widow of the major-domo.* She had been thirty years an inmate of the castle. * Steward of the house. 4 THE POLES IN The other female was not tall, but admirably moulded : her clustering ebon tresses, gently undulating from beneath a bonnet of fine straw, trimmed with pink ribbons, that were flaunting in the breeze.