Certificate in e-Governance and Cyber Security Fundamentals of Information Security (PGDCS-01) Title Fundamentals of Information Security Advisors Mr. R.Thyagarajan, Head, Admn. & Finance and Acting Director, CEMCA Dr. Manas Ranjan Panigrahi, Program Officer(Education), CEMCA Prof. Durgesh Pant, Director- SCS&IT, UOU Editor Er. Saurav Joshi, Assistant Professor, Birla Insitute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal Authors Block I> Unit I, Unit II, Unit III & Unit IV Ms. Priyanka Tewari, Technical Analyst, Infosys Technologies Ltd., Chandigarh Block II> Unit I, Unit II, & Unit III Ms. Priyanka Tewari, Technical Analyst, Infosys Technologies Ltd., Chandigarh Block II> Unit IV Er. Ashutosh Bahuguna, Scientist, CERT-In Block III> Unit I, Unit II, Unit III & Unit IV Group Captain Ashok Katariya, Ministry of Defense, New Delhi ISBN: 978-93-84813-88-8 Acknowledgement The University acknowledges with thanks the expertixe and financial support provided by Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia(CEMCA), New Delhi, for the preparation of this study material. Uttarakhand Open University, 2016 © Uttarakhand Open University, 2016. Fundamentals of Information Security is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 4.0 Licence (international): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ It is attributed to the sources marked in the References, Article Sources and Contributors section. Published by: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Expert Panel S. No. Name 1 Dr. Jeetendra Pande, School of Computer Science & IT, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani 2 Prof. Ashok Panjwani, Professor, MDI, Gurgoan 3 Group Captain Ashok Katariya, Ministry of Defense, New Delhi 4 Mr. Ashutosh Bahuguna, Scientist- CERT-In, Department Of Electronics & Information Technology, Government Of India 5 Mr. Sani Abhilash, Scientist- CERT-In, Department Of Electronics & Information Technology, Government Of India 6 Wing Commander C.S. Chawla, Ministry of Defense, new Delhi 7 Mr. Mukesh Kumar Verma, IT Consultant, Chandigarh 8 Mr. Pritam Dutt Gautam, IT Consultant, New Delhi INDEX 1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 HISTORY OF INTERNET....................................................................................................... 1 1.3 HOW INTERNET WORKS? ................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Hosts and Domain Names .................................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Path Name and File Name ................................................................................................. 8 1.4 ADDRESSING SCHEME IN THE INTERNET ..................................................................... 8 1.4.1 IP versions .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.2 IPv4 Addresses................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2.1 Subnetting ................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2.2 Private Addresses ...................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2.3 IPv4 address exhaustion ............................................................................................ 11 1.4.3 IPv6 Addresses................................................................................................................. 11 1.4.3.1 Private addresses ....................................................................................................... 12 1.4.4 IP Subnetworks ................................................................................................................ 12 1.4.5 IP address assignment ...................................................................................................... 13 1.4.5.1 Methods..................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.5.2 Uses of dynamic address assignment ........................................................................ 13 1.4.5.3 Address autoconfiguration ........................................................................................ 14 1.4.5.4 Uses of static addressing ........................................................................................... 14 1.4.5.5 Conflict ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.4.6 Routing ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.4.6.1 Unicast addressing .................................................................................................... 15 1.4.6.2 Broadcast addressing ................................................................................................ 15 1.4.6.3 Multicast addressing ................................................................................................. 15 1.4.6.4 Anycast addressing ................................................................................................... 15 1.4.7 Public addresses ............................................................................................................... 15 1.4.8 Modifications to IP addressing ........................................................................................ 15 1.4.8.1 IP blocking and firewalls .......................................................................................... 15 1.4.8.2 IP address translation ................................................................................................ 16 1.5 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER ...................................................................................... 16 1.5.1 Classification of ISP ........................................................................................................ 16 1.5.1.1 Access providers ISP ................................................................................................ 17 1.5.1.2 Mailbox providers ..................................................................................................... 17 1.5.1.3 Hosting ISPs.............................................................................................................. 17 1.5.1.4 Transit ISP ................................................................................................................ 17 1.5.1.5 Virtual ISPs ............................................................................................................... 18 1.5.1.6 Free ISPs ................................................................................................................... 18 1.5.1.7 Wireless ISP .............................................................................................................. 18 1.6 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM(DNS) ........................................................................................ 18 1.6.1 How does it work? ........................................................................................................... 18 1.6.1.1Top-Level Domain(TLD) .......................................................................................... 19 1.6.1.2 Second-Level Domain .............................................................................................. 19 1.7 WORLD WIDE WEB(WWW) ............................................................................................... 20 1.7.1 Is Intenet and www similler? ........................................................................................... 21 1.7.1.1 The www ................................................................................................................... 21 1.7.1.2 The Internet ............................................................................................................... 21 1.8 APPLICATION OF INTERNET ............................................................................................ 22 1.9 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 23 1.10 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS ............................................................................................... 24 1.11 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS ..................................................................... 24 1.12 MODEL QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 24 2.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................... 26 2.2 E-GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.1 Benefits of e-governance ................................................................................................. 26 2.2.2 Evlolution of e-governance in India ................................................................................ 28 2.3AIM OF E-GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................... 30 2.4 STAGES OF E-GOVERNANCE ........................................................................................... 30 2.5 MODELS OF E-GOVERNANCE .........................................................................................