TARASCAN DEVELOPMENT: NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN WESTERN MEXICO Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Moone, Janet Ruth, 1927- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 11:15:58 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290224 This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-2039 MOONE, Janet Ruth, 1927- TARASCAN DEVELOPMENT: NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN WESTERN MEXICO. University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1969 Anthropology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan TARASCAN DEVELOPMENT: NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN WESTERN MEXICO by , Janet Ruth Moone A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 9 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Janet Ruth Moone entitled TARASCAN DEVELOPMENT; NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN WESTERN MEXICO be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Di^ctor After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance: •• / - / / y /'./ ' / ... / ^-4^- 6'^//, °^^ cf cf ''L. ^/u i -3U j <7 f/f~ %? ^ ^ CLw 3.C./9S9 UAuy ^6 f This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library, to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 'One-/ PREFACE The field work and research on which this study is based were carried out during two separate periods of residence in the Lake P^tzcuaro region, MichoacsCn, Mexico. The first and shortest period was occupied with a preliminary survey of communities and available sources of documentary materials during the months of July and August, 1966. The bulk of the field work and research occupied the period April through December of 1967. The study is grounded on data from three principal sources: (1) personal field work in many of the region's communities, (2) unpublished and some published documentary materials available on a large number of regional communities and authored by past students and faculty of UNESCO's Center of Fundamental Education for Community Development in Latin America — the Center is perhaps better known by its acronym CREFAL and is located in the town of P^tzcuaro, and (3) on a number of recent dissertations and published community studies from the region which are subsequently acknowledged in the body of the text. The author owes a very large debt of gratitude to the CREFAL administration and library director for making the institutional and student reports, theses and other manuscripts readily accessible. Considering the time limitations imposed on the field periods, this study would have been impossible had it not been for the preliminary iii iv data and direction afforded by these materials, and later the analysis ' of their general content. By decision of the present author and in full respect for the institution, its past and present administrations, faculties and students no specific citations will be given in the text to these materials. The CREFAL library makes these catalogued docu­ ments available for use by qualified researchers; therefore, should any questions arise in relation to the data or their present analysis, for which the author is alone responsible, it will be quite possible to identify and check the sources. With regard to personal acknowledgments, first at The Univer­ sity of Arizona, it was through the generous recommendations of Professor Clara Lee Tanner, Dr. Edward P. Dozier and Dr. Harry T. Getty of the Department of Anthropology, that a large part of the latter field period was made possible by means of a departmental Comins Fellowship Fund grant. And much is also owed to Eben F. Comins for the establishment of this bequest for the purposes of anthropological research dealing with the Indian populations of the Americas. The entire study, from the background of its inception to the pencil slash through the last misplaced semicolon, is indebted beyond expression to the guidance of Dr. Edward H. Spicer, Department of Anthropology. In Mexico, without the knowledge, professional skills and gracious forbearance of the CREFAL library staff the study would have suffered greatly in terms of lost time and other resources. Special V gratitude is owed to the director, Senorita Alicia Coria, and to Sefiorita Alicia G<5mez Navaro and Setfor Radl Silva Zaragosa of the staff. The director and staff personnel of the Coordinating Center for the Tarascan Area, Mexican National Indianist Institute, then at Uruapan, were also generous in the giving of their knowledge and time on different occasions in 1966 and 1967. The personnel of several other Mexican government or semi- autonomous agencies were also graciously willing and helpful. Among these were personnel of local, government health centers, of the federal public schools, of the Indian Improvement Brigade on the island of La Pacanda, and of the municipal offices in Patzcuaro. To Senor Sartonino Campos Estrada of Colonia Ibarra, good friend and chaperon, the author is indebted for countless hours of the pleasure of his company and for knowledgeable discourses on past regional events. To the residents of the Lake region communities studied, many of whom served as willing and astute informants, there is owed the special debt of the anthropologist to his subjects, a debt that hope­ fully this manuscript can repay in some small fashion. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii LIST OF TABLES ix ABSTRACT x 1. COMMUNITIES AND THEIR NATIONAL INTEGRATION: A TRIAL PERSPECTIVE 1 Community 6 National System 8 Community-to-Nation Integration . 11 Infrastructural Linkage lU Social Structural Linkage . 15 Value Consistency 18 Maintenance of Community Identity . 2h Community Orders of Sociocultural Integration .... 27 Relative Measurement of National Integration .... 37 Intraregional Integration ... 39 2. CONTEMPORARY COMMUNITIES AND THE IAKE REGION: GENERAL DESCRIPTION la Physical Features Itl Community Populations and Sociocultural Components . h$ Community Governmental-Administrative Statuses and Officials 55 Community Economies and Regional Trade 63 Community Land Tenure and Land Use Systems 76 Community Religious Forms 91 3. REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 99 Recent Development Programs 119 k. LAKE REGION TRADITIONAL AND NATIONALIZED COMMUNITIES . 131 The Traditional Order of Community Sociocultural Integration ..... 133 The Nationalized Order of Community Sociocultural Integration lij.8 vi vii TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued Page RESPONSES TO DIRECTED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: CASE EXAMPLES 163 6. COMMUNITY RANK ORDERINGS AND DEGREES OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION 203 Scale of Economic Linkages 206 Scale of Infrastructural Linkages . 211 Scale of Social Structural Linkages 2lU Scale of Value Consistency Indicators 218 Explanation of the Index 222 Comparison of the Scales 226 7. NATIONAL INTEGRATION VERSUS NATIONALIZATION: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 235 APPENDIX A: SELECTION OF THE LAKE REGION COMMUNITY SERIES 2k2 APPENDIX B: TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONS ABBREVIATED IN THE TEXT 2\& APPENDIX C: TEST OF INSTITUTIONAL SCALE ITEMS 21*8 LIST OF REFERENCES 2$3 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Contemporary Tarascan Area, State of Michoacslh, Republic of Mexico U2 2. The Lake Pitzcuaro Region h3 3. Tarascan Traditional Community Sociocultural Integration 135 U. Schematic Representation of Nationalized and Traditional Orders of Community Integration and Forms of National Integration ...... ..... 1$9 Graphic Index: Degrees of National Integration of Twenty-Two Lake Region Communities 22$ viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Summary of Data from Twenty-Two Lake Region Communities k7 2. Scalogram of Economic Linkages 210 3. Scalogram of Infrastructural Linkages . 213 U. Scalogram of Social Structural Linkages 217 5. Scalogram of Value Consistency Indicators 221 6. Rank Order Scores and Index of Degrees of National Integration 223 7. Scale Items from Young and Young 1960a: 262 or 1963: 26 2h9 8. Scalogram from Items of Young and Young l?60a: 262 . 250 9. Scale Items from Young and Fujimoto 1965: 3h7 2^1 10. Scalogram from Items of Young and Fujimoto