Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Volume IV of IV Appendixes J-M Risk Assessments and Risk Comparison United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Newtown Square, PA NA–MB–01–12 August 2012 Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach Type of Statement: Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Area covered by statement: The 50 United States and District of Columbia Lead agency: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Responsible offi cial: James R. Hubbard, Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry Sidney R. Yates Federal Building 201 14th Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20250 For more information: Noel F. Schneeberger, Forest Health Program Leader Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry 11 Campus Boulevard, Suite 200 Newtown Square, PA 19073 610–557–4121 [email protected] Joint lead agency: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Responsible offi cial: Rebecca A. Bech, Deputy Administrator for Plant Protection and Quarantine 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Room 302-E Washington, DC 20250 For more information: Julie S. Spaulding, Gypsy Moth Program Coordinator Emergency and Domestic Programs 4700 River Road, Unit 137 Riverdale, MD 20737 301–851–2184 [email protected] Abstract: The USDA Forest Service and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service are proposing an addition to the gypsy moth management program that was described in the 1995 Environmental Impact Statement—Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach—and chosen in the 1996 Record of Decision. The agencies are proposing these new treatment options: adding the insecticide tebufenozide, or adding the insecticide tebufenozide and other new treatment(s) that may become available in the future to manage gypsy moths, provided that the other treatment(s) pose(s) no greater risk to human health and nontarget organisms than are disclosed in this Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the currently approved treatments and tebufenozide. The addition of tebufenozide or other new treatment(s) to the list of approved treatment options does not change any program or administrative requirements identified in the 1995 EIS. Those requirements include any consultations required and the need to conduct site-specific environmental analyses in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act and agency regulations. The complete Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement consists of four volumes: Volume I Summary Volume II Chapter 1. Purpose of and Need for Action Chapter 2. Alternatives Including the Preferred Alternative Chapter 3. Affected Environment Chapter 4. Environmental Consequences Chapter 5. Preparers and Contributors Chapter 6. Mailing List Chapter 7. Glossary Chapter 8. References Appendix A. Gypsy Moth Treatments and Application Technology Appendix B. Gypsy Moth Management Program Appendix C. Scoping and Public Involvement Appendix D. Plant List Appendix E. Biology, History, and Control Efforts for the Gypsy Moth Volume III Appendix F. Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (B.t.k.) Risk Assessment Appendix G. Gypchek (Nucleopolyhedrovirus) Risk Assessment Appendix H. Disparlure Risk Assessment Appendix I. Diflubenzuron Risk Assessment Volume IV Appendix J. Tebufenozide Risk Assessment Appendix K. DDVP (Dichlorvos) Risk Assessment Appendix L. Gypsy Moth Risk Assessment Appendix M. Risk Comparison All volumes can be viewed and downloaded at http://na.fs.fed.us/pubs/detail.cfm?id=5251. The record of decision is a separate document published and available 30 days or longer after the notice of availability for the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement is published in the Federal Register (40 CFR Part 1506.10). Volume IV Photo Credits Figure J-1. (UGA1275035) USDA Forest Service Archives, www.forestryimages.org Figure K-1. (UGA1275022) USDA Forest Service Archives, www.forestryimages.org Figure L-1. (UGA1275074) USDA Forest Service Archives, www.forestryimages.org Figure M-1. (UGA1275057) USDA Forest Service Archives, www.forestryimages.org Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Volume IV Contents Appendix J. Tebufenozide Risk Assessment Appendix K. DDVP (Dichlorvos) Risk Assessment Appendix L. Gypsy Moth Risk Assessment Appendix M. Risk Comparison Figures Figure J-1. DDT was applied using airplanes in the early years of gypsy moth control programs. Figure K-1. A sprayer unit mounted on a Model A Ford truck was used for gypsy moth control. Figure L-1. Gypsy moth caterpillars cluster at the base of a banded tree (Arlington, Virginia, 1905). Figure M-1. Ropes were used to climb trees, to treat them for gypsy moths in the 1930s. Appendix J Tebufenozide Risk Assessment Figure J-1. DDT was applied using airplanes in the early years of gypsy moth control programs. SERA TR 04-43-05-06c Control/Eradication Agents for the Gypsy Moth - Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment for Tebufenozide (Mimic) Final Report Prepared for: USDA, Forest Service Forest Health Protection GSA Contract No. GS-10F-0082F USDA Forest Service BPA: WO-01-3187-0150 Requisition No.: 43-3187-1-0269 Task No. 5 Submitted to: Dave Thomas, COTR Forest Health Protection Staff USDA Forest Service Rosslyn Plaza Building C, Room 7129C 1601 North Kent Street Arlington, VA 22209 Prepared by: Patrick R. Durkin and Julie Klotzbach Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Telephone: (315) 637-9560 Fax: (315) 637-0445 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com August 8, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................... ii LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................v LIST OF WORKSHEETS ...................................................... vi LIST OF ATTACHMENTS .................................................... vi ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS . vii COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS . ix CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ..................................... x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................... 1-1 2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ................................................ 2-1 2.1. OVERVIEW ..................................................... 2-1 2.2. CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS . 2-1 2.3. APPLICATION METHODS ......................................... 2-2 2.4. MIXING AND APPLICATION RATES................................ 2-3 2.5. USE STATISTICS................................................. 2-4 3. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ..................................... 3-1 3.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ....................................... 3-1 3.1.1. Overview. ................................................ 3-1 3.1.2. Mechanism of Action........................................ 3-1 3.1.3. Kinetics and Metabolism. .................................... 3-1 3.1.3.1. Intravenous........................................ 3-2 3.1.3.2. Oral Absorption .................................... 3-2 3.1.3.1. Dermal Absorption.................................. 3-3 3.1.4. Acute Oral Toxicity. ........................................ 3-4 3.1.5. Subchronic or Chronic Systemic Toxic Effects. 3-5 3.1.6. Effects on Nervous System. .................................. 3-6 3.1.7. Effects on Immune System. .................................. 3-8 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 3.1.8. Effects on Endocrine System. ................................. 3-8 3.1.9. Reproductive and Teratogenic Effects. 3-9 3.1.10. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity. 3-9 3.1.11. Irritation and Sensitization (Effects on the Skin and Eyes). 3-10 3.1.12. Systemic Toxic Effects from Dermal Exposure. 3-10 3.1.13. Inhalation Exposure. ...................................... 3-11 3.1.14. Inerts and Adjuvants. ..................................... 3-11 3.1.15. Impurities and Metabolites.................................. 3-12 3.1.16. Toxicologic Interactions. .................................. 3-13 3.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ....................................... 3-14 3.2.1. Overview. ............................................... 3-14 3.2.2. Workers. ................................................ 3-14 3.2.2.1. General Exposures ................................. 3-15 3.2.2.2. Accidental Exposures............................... 3-16 3.2.3. General Public. ........................................... 3-18 3.2.3.1. General Considerations . 3-18 3.2.3.2. Direct Spray ...................................... 3-18 3.2.3.3. Dermal Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation . 3-19 3.2.3.4. Contaminated Water ............................... 3-19 3.2.3.4.1. Acute Exposure............................ 3-19 3.2.3.4.2. Longer-term Exposure . 3-22 3.2.3.5. Oral Exposure from Contaminated Fish . 3-22 3.2.3.6. Oral Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation . 3-24 3.3. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT .................................. 3-25 3.3.1. Overview................................................ 3-25 3.3.2. Chronic RfD ............................................. 3-25 3.3.3. Acute RfD ..............................................