SimaPro 7 DatabaseManual Danish Input Output 99 library product ecology consultants Prioritisation within the Integrated Product Policy Bo P. Weidema, Anne Merete Nielsen, Kim Christiansen, Greg Norris, Pippa Notten, Sangwon Suh og Jacob Madsen 2.-0 LCA consultants Environmental Project Nr. 980 2005 Miljøprojekt The Danish Environmental Protection Agency will, when opportunity offers, publish reports and contributions relating to environmental research and development projects financed via the Danish EPA. Please note that publication does not signify that the contents of the reports necessarily reflect the views of the Danish EPA. The reports are, however, published because the Danish EPA finds that the studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on environmental policy in Denmark. Contents PREFACE 7 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND TARGET GROUPS 7 PROJECT ORGANISATION 7 SUMMARY 9 SAMMENFATTENDE ARTIKEL 15 1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PRODUCT GROUPS 21 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DANISH PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 21 1.2 PRODUCT GROUPS WITH LARGEST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 24 1.2.1 Product groups within Danish production 24 1.2.2 Product groups within Danish consumption 26 1.2.3 Inherent limitations of product group aggregation 27 1.2.4 Danish consumption divided according to product functions 28 1.2.5 Largest environmental impacts per DKK 30 1.3 PROCESSES WITH LARGEST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 33 1.4 RESULTS PER IMPACT CATEGORY 34 1.4.1 Environmental impact of Danish production and consumption 34 1.4.2 Environmental impact intensities 47 1.4.3 Impact of average and marginal consumption 69 1.4.4 Processes with large contributions to each impact category 70 1.5 UNCERTAINTY OF THE RESULTS 76 1.5.1 Confidence intervals 76 1.5.2 Causes of the highest variations in the results 78 1.5.3 Uncertainty from looking at one single year 79 1.6 COMPARISON WITH RESULTS OF PREVIOUS SIMILAR STUDIES 80 1.7 IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESULTS FOR IMPORTANT PRODUCT GROUPS82 1.7.1 Introduction 82 1.7.2 Food 83 1.7.3 Housing 85 1.7.4 Basic non-ferrous metals 86 1.7.5 Transport by ship 86 1.7.6 Wholesale trade 88 1.7.7 Electricity 88 1.7.8 Industrial cooling equipment 88 1.7.9 Automobiles 89 1.7.10 Leisure 89 1.7.11 Clothing 90 1.7.12 Hygiene 90 1.7.13 Education and research 91 2 METHODOLOGY 92 2.1 INTRODUCTION 92 2.2 NATIONAL ACCOUNTING INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES (IO-TABLES) 92 2.3 LIMITATIONS OF IO-TABLES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 94 2.4 INCLUDING UNCLASSIFIED IMPORTS 95 2.4.1 Tourism expenditures 96 3 2.5 ADDING MORE ENVIRONMENTAL EXCHANGES 99 2.5.1 Validating the completeness of the toxicity assessment 100 2.5.2 Data sources for the emissions included in the extended NAMEA 109 2.5.3 Emissions in the official Danish NAMEA 110 2.5.4 Internal work file from SSF-project (Pedersen 2003) 114 2.5.5 Internal work file from lcafood.dk (Dalgaard & Halberg 2004) 114 2.5.6 Point sources for N and P (Laursen et al. 2000) 114 2.5.7 Mass flow analyses 116 2.5.8 Ozone depleting substances (ODP) 117 2.5.9 Particles (PM10) 117 2.5.10 Pesticides 118 2.5.11 Land use (AIS) 118 2.5.12 Missing use stage emissions 118 2.6 ADJUSTING THE LEVEL OF AGGREGATION OF INDUSTRIES 120 2.7 ADJUSTING THE LEVEL OF AGGREGATION OF CONSUMPTION 121 2.7.1 Accounting for investments and FISIM 121 2.7.2 Combining products in the use stage 123 2.8 IMPROVING THE MODELLING FOR IMPORTED PRODUCTS 123 2.9 ADJUSTING FOR MARKET CONSTRAINTS 126 2.10 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 131 2.10.1 Characterisation factors 132 2.10.2 New impact category: nature occupation 132 2.10.3 Normalisation 133 2.10.4 Weighting 135 2.10.5 Limitations of the impact assessment 135 2.11 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 136 2.11.1 Uncertainty due to aggregation in the Danish IO-table 137 2.11.2 Importance of aggregation level across national IO-tables 138 2.11.3 Geographical variation in inputs to industries 139 2.11.4 Aggregation vs. geographical uncertainty 140 2.11.5 Emission factor uncertainty for Danish emissions 140 2.11.6 Emission factor uncertainty for foreign emissions 141 2.12 ADJUSTING FOR DIFFERENCES IN IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS 142 2.13 CALCULATION ROUTINES AND VALIDATION 143 3 DANISH LCA NORMALISATION DATA FOR YEAR 1999 145 4 NEW PRODUCT GROUPS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS 146 4.1 IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE 146 4.2 CAR PURCHASE AND DRIVING 149 4.3 TENTS AND OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT 150 4.4 TRANSPORT SERVICES 150 4.5 ENERGY FOR TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN BUILDINGS 151 4.6 CANDLES 151 4.7 ELECTRICITY 152 5 RESOURCE AND WASTE FLOWS 155 5.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSES 155 5.2 DATA SOURCES 157 5.2.1 Danish resource extraction 157 5.2.2 Foreign resource extraction 157 5.2.3 Current amounts of deposited and hazardous waste in Denmark 158 5.3 TMR FOR DENMARK 1999 159 5.4 PRODUCT GROUPS WITH HIGH MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS 161 5.5 PRODUCT GROUPS WITH HIGH AMOUNTS OF DEPOSITED WASTE IN DK 164 4 6 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF FOUR SPECIFIC AREAS 166 6.1 INTRODUCTION 166 6.2 AGRICULTURE/FOODS 166 6.3 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 170 6.4 RETAIL TRADE 173 6.5 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 177 7 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT 183 7.1 INTRODUCTION 183 7.2 ADDING PHYSICAL UNITS 183 7.3 FURTHER DISAGGREGATION 184 7.4 USER’S GUIDE TO THE LCA DATABASE 186 7.5 HOW TO USE THE DATABASE FOR HYBRID LCA 189 7.5.1 Tiered hybrid analysis 189 7.5.2 Embedded hybrid analysis 190 7.6 PRIORITISING FUTURE DATA COLLECTION FOR THE LCA DATABASE191 LITERATURE 193 Annex A. Produktgruppernes navne på dansk 201 5 6 Preface This is the main report of the project “Prioritisation within the integrated product policy” commissioned by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency in the years 2003-4. Project objectives and target groups The main objectives of the project was to: • Establish a detailed and well-documented method for prioritising product areas and product groups where Danish measures will provide most environmental improvement. The data basis shall be easy to maintain and update, so that it can be used in future prioritisation as well. • Apply the developed method on products that are currently used in Denmark (own production as well as imported products) and on products that are currently produced in Denmark (export-products), at a level of detail justified by the method, and hereby establish a prioritised list of product areas and product groups where Danish measures will have largest importance for the environment. In addition, the project has: • Analysed the prioritised product groups with the aim of identifying new product groups suited for environmental labelling. • Further analysed and presented the project results in the areas covered by the four product panels (agriculture/foods, electronics, retail trade and textiles). • Further developed the project’s database, to increase its applicability as a Danish reference-database for life cycle assessment. This includes an addition of physical units where possible, and a further disaggregation of selected product groups. The primary target group of the project is decision makers in ministries and business organisations that are going to prioritise and organise future product- oriented activities. The project furthermore provides data and tools applicable for everyone who performs lifecycle assessments of products produced and/or used in Denmark. Project organisation The project has been carried out by a project group from: • 2.-0 LCA consultants (Bo Weidema, Anne Merete Nielsen, Per Nielsen, Kim Christiansen, Greg Norris, Pippa Notten), • CML, Leiden Universitet (Sangwon Suh), and • Pré Consultants (Jacob Madsen, Chris de Gelder). Bo Weidema, 2.-0 LCA consultants, has acted as project manager. Niels Frees from the Danish LCA Centre has contributed to Chapter 7. 7 An advisory expert group, with participation of • Göran Finnveden, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm • Ole Gravgård Pedersen, Danmarks Statistik, • Michael Hauschild, Technical University of Denmark, • Trine Susanne Jensen, National Environmental Research Institute (DMU), • Henri Moll, Groningen University, • José Potting, Groningen University, • Anders Schmidt, dk-TEKNIK, • Mette Wier, Institute of Local Government Studies (AKF), now the Danish Research Institute of Food Economics, has, as part of the project, participated in an International Invitational Expert Seminar (Nielsen et al. 2003a), commented the model proposals from the working group in their specific areas of expertise, before their implementation, commented on the final model and the results of the preliminary prioritisations, and evaluated the project results in terms of the relevance and flexibility of the developed prioritisation model and the completeness of the delivered documentation. The project has been supervised by a reference group with participation of: • Mariane Hounum, Danish Environmental Protection Agency (chair), • John Egholm Jensen, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, • Lone Lykke Nielsen, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, • Susanne Kofoed, Danish Agricultural Council, • Ole Dall, COWI. 8 Summary Environmental measures should first target food, housing, ships and electricity Food, housing, transport by ship, and electricity are the four product areas where environmental measures in Danish industry will provide most environmental improvement. Looking at the Danes’ private consumption, priority areas are housing, food, tourism, clothes, personal hygiene and car driving. Public consumption generally has much less impact on the environment than private consumption, but nevertheless reach the top-10 when consumption groups are sorted according to total environmental impact. These are some of the conclusions from the project ”Prioritisation within the integrated product policy” in which a detailed method for making such prioritisations has been developed. The method is based on a combination of environmental statistics and the Danish national accounts, divided on 138 product groups.