Designing an Ontology for Managing the Diets of Hypertensive Individuals A thesis submitted to the College of Communication and Information of Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Library and Information Science and Master of Science dual degree program By Julaine Clunis January, 2016 Thesis Written By Julaine Clunis BSc., Northern Caribbean University, 2005 M.L.I.S., Kent State University, 2016 M.S., Kent State University, 2016 Approved By ___________________________________________ Marcia Lei Zeng, Advisor ___________________________________________ Jeffrey W. Fruit, Director, School of Library and Information Science ___________________________________________ Amy Reynolds, Dean, College of Communication and Information Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................... viii Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................................... x Terms Relating to Health and Medicine ............................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Background: Medication and Food Interactions ........................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Medical Nutrition Therapy ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Hypertension ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Medication and Food Interactions ........................................................................................... 4 1.2.4 Recipes ..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Information Seeking in Web-based Environments .................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Example Case Story ................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Search Engine Limitations .......................................................................................................... 10 1.4 The Linked Data and the Semantic Web Potential .................................................................. 11 1.4.1 The Semantic Web ................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.2 Ontologies and OWL .............................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter II. Review of Literature and Related Applications ................................................... 16 2.1 Drug and Nutrition Related Databases and Controlled Vocabularies ................................... 16 2.2 Domain Specific Ontologies ........................................................................................................ 18 2.2.1 Ontologies for Managing Disease ............................................................................................. 21 Chapter III. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Task I. Data Collection ................................................................................................................ 23 3.1.1 Information Retrieval ................................................................................................................ 24 3.1.2 Web Scraping Limitations ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1.3 Recipe Web Scraping ................................................................................................................ 26 3.1.4 Identifying Correct Pages .......................................................................................................... 27 iii 3.1.5 Identifying Correct Tags ............................................................................................................ 27 3.1.6 Content Tags .............................................................................................................................. 28 3.2 Task II. Data Storage .................................................................................................................. 29 3.3 Task III. Designing the Ontology .................................................................................................. 32 3.4 Task IV. Testing ........................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter IV. Research Findings and Results ............................................................................ 43 4.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Ontology Class Concepts ................................................................................................................ 43 4.2.1 Food Data Model .................................................................................................................... 45 4.2.2 Drug data model ..................................................................................................................... 47 4.2.3 Person data model ................................................................................................................... 49 4.2.4 Recipe Data Model ................................................................................................................. 51 4.3 Ontology Properties ..................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.1 Object Properties .................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.2 Data Properties ....................................................................................................................... 55 4.4 Reasoners ...................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter V. Summary and Conclusion ...................................................................................... 58 5.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 58 5.2 Discussion of Research Findings ................................................................................................ 58 5.3 Challenges and Limitations ........................................................................................................ 62 5.3.1 Data Retrieval Challenges and Potential Solutions ................................................................... 62 5.3.2 Limitations of Study .................................................................................................................. 65 5.4 Future Studies .............................................................................................................................. 66 5.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 67 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 68 References .................................................................................................................................... 73 iv List of Figures Page Figure 1. Pinterest user content type interactions……………………………………….1 Figure 2. Explanation of basic components of recipes………………………………….6 Figure 3. Example recipe with annotations……………………………………………..7 Figure 4. Recipes selected for example case……………………………………………9 Figure 5. Search engine results demonstrating search engine limitations……………....10 Figure 6. Semantic Web Technology Stack…………………………………………….12 Figure 7. Example food ontology……………………………………………………….14 Figure 8. Locating correct tags using the Firefox Inspector…………………………….28 Figure 9. Example of a triple……………………………………………………………30 Figure 10. RDF mappings for USDA…………………………………………………….31 Figure 11. Basic concept of domains and relationships for ontology……………………34 Figure 12. Protégé Software showing ontology and classes……………………………..36 Figure 13. Concept Map of Diet and BP Management Ontology………………………..44 Figure 14. Property restriction shown in the Protégé Ontology Editor…………………..46