Lec. 1: Introduction طبقه بندی جدید حشرات بر اساس عقاید مارتینف Martynov 1938 Classification Paleoptera Pterygota Insecta Neoptera Apterygota 16 superorders 40 Orders بدون بال • صفت اجدادی • 1 مورفولوژی داخلی و خارجی • ساده و پست • 2 بدون دگردیسی • فاقد ﻻرو • 3 Apterygota Entognatha Ectognatha (Entotropha) (Ectotropha) Collembola Thysanura Protura Microcory phia DDiplura Springtails The name Collembola, derived from the Greek "coll" meaning glue and "embol" meaning a wedge, refers to a peg-shaped structure, the collophore, on the underside of the first abdominal segment. The collophore was once thought to function as an adhesive organ. Key Characters: •Apterygote (primitively wingless) •Forked springtail (furcula) near end of abdomen •Peg-like collophore on ventral side of first abdominal segment Arthropleona Collembola Symphypleona Hypogastruridae -- the largest family in the order. These are small, plump hexapods that may lack compound eyes or a springtail (furcula). Includes the snowflea, Hypogastrura nivicola. Isotomidae -- second largest family in the order. These hexapods are elongate and lack scales on the upper surface of the body. Entomobryidae -- common soil-dwellers. The fourth abdominal segment is significantly longer than the others. Sminthuridae -- body globular in shape. The family includes the garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) which occasionally damages plant seedlings. The name Protura, derived from the Greek words "proto-" meaning first (or original) and "ura" meaning tail, refers to the lack of advanced or specialized structures at the back of the abdomen. Spot ID Characters for the Order Key Characters: •Eyes absent •Antennae absent •Front legs project forward beyond head Diplurans The name Diplura, derived from the Greek words "diplo-" meaning two and "ura" meaning tails, refers to the large cerci at the rear of the abdomen. Key Characters: •Eyes absent •Beaded antennae, longer than head •One-segmented tarsi •Cerci filiform or forceps-like Spot ID Characters for the Order Key Characters: •Apterygote (primitively wingless) •Body flat, often covered with dusty scales •Three terminal filaments, roughly equal in length including two cerci and a median caudal filament. Archaeognatha Bristetails This order of wingless insects consists of about 350 known species. They hide under bark, in litter, and in rock crevices, and feed on algae, lichens, and vegetable debris. Oldest fossil considered as Archaeognatha is from the Devonian (390 million years old) from Gaspé, Québec (Labandeira et al., 1988). However, there is little evidence that this fossil is a member of Archaeognatha; it may instead be a member of the stem-group of insects or of stem-Dicondylia .