Conness Street Chiltern. JI photograph 2000 INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY VOLUME 1 PART 1 PREPARED FOR THE INDIGO SHIRE COUNCIL PETER FREEMAN PTY LTD CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS & PLANNERS • CANBERRA CONSULTANT TEAM FINAL JANUARY 2002 INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY CONTENTS VOLUME 1 PART 1 THEMATIC HISTORY 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 2 1.2 The Brief 2 1.3 Regional Context 2 1.4 The Structure of the Heritage Study 5 1.5 Consultant Team 6 1.6 Acknowledgments 7 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Preamble 10 2.2 The Study Area 10 2.3 Methodology of the Heritage Study 10 2.4 The Principal Australian Historic Themes 13 3.0 THEMATIC HISTORY 3.1 Preamble 17 3.2 Aboriginal Occupation 17 3.3 Beginnings of European Settlement 20 3.4 Gold 1852 to 1880 24 3,5 The Gold Towns 38 3.6 The Selection Decades 1860-1880 55 3.7 The Impact of the Railway 1880 to 1920 63 3.8 The Impact of Motor Transport 1920 to 1950 80 3.9 The Second Half of the Twentieth Century 93 3.10 Timeline of Events 102 4.0 BUILT HERITAGE 4.1 Preamble 107 4.2 Pastoral Sites 107 4.3 Agricultural Sites 110 4.4 Banks, Schools, Churches and Athenaeum 117 4.5 The Chinese and the Germans 128 4.6 Domestic Architecture 129 4.7 Building Construction Techniques and Materials 131 4.8 Prominent Architects 138 5.0 MINING 5.1 Preamble 149 5.2 Beechworth, Yackandandah and Sandy Creek 149 5.2 Chiltern and Rutherglen 158 6.0 LANDSCAPE 6.1 Preamble 168 6.2 Cultural Landscapes 168 6.3 Urban Heritage Areas 168 6.4 Public Gardens 169 6.5 Private Gardens 169 6.6 Cemeteries 170 6.7 Tree Plantings 170 6.8 Prominent Plantsmen and Garden Designers 171 7.0 PROMINENT PEOPLE 7.1 Individuals 175 7.2 Artists 181 7.3 Writers 183 i INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY CONTENTS VOLUME 1 PART 2 STRATEGY & APPENDICES 8.0 A HERITAGE STRATEGY FOR THE SHIRE 8.1 Heritage Conservation Objectives 190 8.2 A Heritage Strategy 190 8.3 The Nature of the Heritage Resources of the Shire 191 8.4 Planning and Management Context 194 8.5 Clause 22 Heritage Policies 196 8.6 Financial Support for Heritage Objectives 197 8.7 Fostering Community Support for Heritage Conservation 198 8.8 A Communications Strategy 199 8.9 Implementing the Heritage Strategy 200 APPENDIX A Indigo Shire Heritage Study Brief APPENDIX B Select Bibliography APPENDIX C Historical photographs in major public collections APPENDIX D Glossary of mining terminology APPENDIX E Statutory Controls APPENDIX F Indigo Planning Scheme - Clause 43.01 APPENDIX C Economic Evaluation of the Government Heritage Restoration Program [Extract from report] APPENDIX H Planning Strategy and Policy - Heritage APPENDIX I Recommendations for inclusion within the RNE, the Heritage Victoria Register and the Indigo Shire Planning Scheme APPENDIX J Schedule of items not to be included in the Indigo Shire Planning Scheme APPENDIX K Inventory index by locality/number APPENDIX L Inventory index by site type ii Conness Street Chiltern. JI photograph 2000 INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY VOLUME 1 PART 1 PREPARED FOR THE INDIGO SHIRE COUNCIL PETER FREEMAN PTY LTD CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS & PLANNERS • CANBERRA CONSULTANT TEAM FINAL JANUARY 2002 INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY CONTENTS VOLUME 1 PART 1 THEMATIC HISTORY 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 2 1.2 The Brief 2 1.3 Regional Context 2 1.4 The Structure of the Heritage Study 5 1.5 Consultant Team 6 1.6 Acknowledgments 7 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Preamble 10 2.2 The Study Area 10 2.3 Methodology of the Heritage Study 10 2.4 The Principal Australian Historic Themes 13 3.0 THEMATIC HISTORY 3.1 Preamble 17 3.2 Aboriginal Occupation 17 3.3 Beginnings of European Settlement 20 3.4 Gold 1852 to 1880 24 3,5 The Gold Towns 38 3.6 The Selection Decades 1860-1880 55 3.7 The Impact of the Railway 1880 to 1920 63 3.8 The Impact of Motor Transport 1920 to 1950 80 3.9 The Second Half of the Twentieth Century 93 3.10 Timeline of Events 102 4.0 BUILT HERITAGE 4.1 Preamble 107 4.2 Pastoral Sites 107 4.3 Agricultural Sites 110 4.4 Banks, Schools, Churches and Athenaeum 117 4.5 The Chinese and the Germans 128 4.6 Domestic Architecture 129 4.7 Building Construction Techniques and Materials 131 4.8 Prominent Architects 138 5.0 MINING 5.1 Preamble 149 5.2 Beechworth, Yackandandah and Sandy Creek 149 5.2 Chiltern and Rutherglen 158 6.0 LANDSCAPE 6.1 Preamble 168 6.2 Cultural Landscapes 168 6.3 Urban Heritage Areas 168 6.4 Public Gardens 169 6.5 Private Gardens 169 6.6 Cemeteries 170 6.7 Tree Plantings 170 6.8 Prominent Plantsmen and Garden Designers 171 7.0 PROMINENT PEOPLE 7.1 Individuals 175 7.2 Artists 181 7.3 Writers 183 i INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY CONTENTS VOLUME 1 PART 2 STRATEGY & APPENDICES 8.0 A HERITAGE STRATEGY FOR THE SHIRE 8.1 Heritage Conservation Objectives 190 8.2 A Heritage Strategy 190 8.3 The Nature of the Heritage Resources of the Shire 191 8.4 Planning and Management Context 194 8.5 Clause 22 Heritage Policies 196 8.6 Financial Support for Heritage Objectives 197 8.7 Fostering Community Support for Heritage Conservation 198 8.8 A Communications Strategy 199 8.9 Implementing the Heritage Strategy 200 APPENDIX A Indigo Shire Heritage Study Brief APPENDIX B Select Bibliography APPENDIX C Historical photographs in major public collections APPENDIX D Glossary of mining terminology APPENDIX E Statutory Controls APPENDIX F Indigo Planning Scheme - Clause 43.01 APPENDIX C Economic Evaluation of the Government Heritage Restoration Program [Extract from report] APPENDIX H Planning Strategy and Policy - Heritage APPENDIX I Recommendations for inclusion within the RNE, the Heritage Victoria Register and the Indigo Shire Planning Scheme APPENDIX J Schedule of items not to be included in the Indigo Shire Planning Scheme APPENDIX K Inventory index by locality/number APPENDIX L Inventory index by site type ii SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 2 1.2 The Brief 2 1.3 Regional Context 2 1.4 The Structure of the Heritage Study 5 1.5 Consultant Team 6 1.6 Acknowledgements 7 1 INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The Indigo Shire was created from the 1994 restructuring of local government in Victoria It had been proposed to merge parts of the existing Shire with Wodonga, but this was opposed by the municipalities of Yackandandah, Beechworth and Chiltern who in a joint submission had argued for an Historic Districts area. Thus the Indigo Shire was formed, containing all or part of what were the Beechworth, Chiltern, Rutherglen, Yackandandah Shires. The Shire has adopted the sobriquet of 'Historic District' or 'Historic Towns', and its vision statement foresees growth 'which recognises the heritage of the area’. 1.2 THE BRIEF The Indigo Shire Heritage Study has been prepared for the Indigo Shire Indigo Shire Heritage Study Council. The brief for the Heritage Study was issued in December 1997, Brief Appendix 1 and had as its aim the identification, documentation and assessment of all Volume 1 • Part 1 post-contact places of cultural significance within the Indigo Shire and the preparation of planning recommendations which would help to ensure their future conservation. The extent of the study area is the entire Indigo Shire, as shown on the map overleaf. Funding for the heritage study was provided jointly by the Indigo Shire Council and the Victorian Government under its Pride of Place program. Management of the study has been guided by a steering committee comprising representatives of the Indigo Shire Council Heritage Victoria, the Heritage Advisor to the Indigo Shire and Councillors 1.3 REGIONAL CONTEXT The Indigo Shire surrounds the Rural City of Wodonga, and its present day relationships with Wodonga are very important indeed. Wodonga has grown remarkably over the last few decades and this growth has stimulated dramatic increases in the Indigo Shire. Between 1976 and 1992 Chiltern's population grew 60.7 percent and Yackandandah's 41.2 per cent. Growth has been less spectacular, but quite respectable, in Rutherglen [30.2 per cent] and Beechworth [10.4 per cent]. The Commonwealth has recognised the strong economic and social pull of Wodonga [and Albury] with its establishment of a cross-border Albury Wodonga Statistical District. That statistical district includes, on the Overleaf Victorian side, Wodonga, the Indigo Shire and, further to the east, Map of the Indigo Shire Tallangatta and the Bethanga Peninsula, from the western end of Source: Towong. 1 The symbiotic relationship between the historic towns and Shire of Indigo 2 Plan No. INDIGO/003/2H Wodonga was explored by the boundary makers in 1994. 1 Graham Oke, Indigo Shire - an economic profile , DAW 2000, Albury. Report of the Commonwealth Rural Reconstruction Commission, 1944-46. 2 Local Government Board, Albury Wodonga Review, Interim Report , Melbourne, 1996 2 INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Insert map 3 INDIGO SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION The urban hierarchy which has emerged in the late twentieth century, is new. Wodonga has not always been the largest centre influencing the study area. Changes to local government arrangements have been slow to reflect what has been an unsettled and changing urban hierarchy. That hierarchy, town building and town life obviously form a central theme in the history of an area of 'historic towns'.