— THE LIVING STONES OF THE HOLY LAND TRUST _________________________________________________ Registered Charity No. 1081204 'An ecumenical trust seeking to promote contacts between Christian Communities in Britain and those in the Holy Land and neighbouring countries.’ You are permitted to redistribute or reproduce all or part of the contents of the Yearbook in any form as long as it is for personal or academic purposes and non-commercial use only and that you acknowledge and cite appropriately the source of the material. You are not permitted to distribute or commercially exploit the content without the written permission of the copyright owner, nor are you permitted to transmit or store the content on any other website or other form of electronic retrieval system. The Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of the contents in its publications. However, the opinions and views expressed in its publications are those of the contributors and are not necessarily those of The Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust. The Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust Yearbook and its content are copyright of © The Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust. All rights reserved. [email protected] 1 Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust Yearbook 2019 2 Contributors Living StoneS Yearbook 2014 i Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust Yearbook 2014 ii Contributors Living StoneS Yearbook 2014 Christianity engages with Islam: contexts, creativity and tensions Living StoneS of the hoLY Land truSt Registered charity no. 1081204 iii Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust Yearbook 2014 © Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust 2014 all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Living Stones Yearbook 2014 Christianity engages with Islam: contexts, creativity and tensions First published 2014 by Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust (regd. Charity no. 1081204) www.livingstonesonline.org.uk ISbN 978 0 9552088 3 6 Managing Editor Leonard Harrow Editors Mary Grey Duncan Macpherson anthony o’Mahony Colin South Produced by Melisende Uk Ltd Printed and bound in england by 4edge Ltd iv Contributors CoNTeNTS Editorial ix Contributors xvii tolEdo GuidElinEs and thE myth of thE andalusian CaliphatE—James C Conroy 1 ChristoloGy of thE ArmEnian ChurCh —Vrej Nerses Nersessian 19 Christianity in modern Turkey: an overview —Anthony O’Mahony 41 thE ECumEniCal patriarChatE of ConstantinoplE and thE GrEEk minority, in thE ContExt of muslim-Christian rElations: ContEmporary ChallEnGEs —Nikodemos Anagnostopoulo 64 thE dhimmi : dhimmi and dhimmitude in thE ottoman EmpirE—Robin Gibbons 87 thE ChaldEan ChurCh in modErn timEs —Suha Rassam 107 ‘piCk up thE pEarls of knowlEdGE and adorn oursElvEs with thE jEwElry of litEraturE’: An analysis of thrEE Arab womEn writErs in al-nashra al-usbu‘iyya —Deanna Ferree Womack and Christine B Lindner 125 thE dEvElopmEnt of thE thEoloGy of rowan Williams: thE quEstion of Christian-muslim rElations —Philip Ind 158 thE lEGaCy of CharlEs dE fouCauld—Ariana Patey 187 v Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust Yearbook 2014 vi Contributors Living StoneS of the hoLY Land truSt ‘an ecumenical trust seeking to promote contacts between Christian communities in britain and those in the Holy Land and neighbouring countries.’ Our SPIRITUAL PATRONS include In the Middle East: archbishop elias Chacour, Melkite archbishop of Galilee bishop Suheil Dawani, anglican bishop in Jerusalem Hb Patriarch Gregorius III, Melkite Patriarch of antioch bishop Giantos-boulos Marcuzzo, Latin Patriarchal Vicar for Israel Patriarch emeritus Michel Sabbah, formerly Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Hb Patriarch Fouad Twal, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem archbishop Theodosios of Sebastia, Greek orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Nizar Hanna) Elsewhere: archbishop Yegishe Gizirian, armenian Church rt revd and rt Hon The Lord Hope of Thornes, formerly archbishop of York Cardinal Cormac Murphy o’Connor, formerly archbishop of Westminster archbishop Vincent Nichols, archbishop of Westminster Canon Paul oestreicher, anglican and Society of Friends revd kathleen richardson, baroness richardson of Calow, former President of Methodist Conference and Moderator of the Free Church Federal Council bishop Desmond Tutu, former archbishop of Cape Town The Most reverend kallistos, Metropolitan of Diokleia (Timothy Ware) vii Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust Yearbook 2014 CommuniCationS www.livingstonesonline.org.uk Communications with the Chair or Editor can be made through: [email protected] or [email protected] All enquiries regarding subscriptions to the Honorary Treasurer: [email protected] note It is appreciated that articles derive from authors in a range of disciplines and demonstrate a variety in approach. The spelling of some specialised terms, local place-names and proper names in particular may vary considerably according to the contributor and discipline. These variations, however, should cause no problems to readers. Submissions for inclusion in the Yearbook are welcome and papers for consideration should be sent to [email protected]. Notes for submission of papers and house style are available upon request from the editor. viii Contributors eDITorIaL Volume III of the Yearbook (2014) appears during troubled times for the ‘Living Stones’ of the Middle east, as was the case with the previous volume (2013). The violent conflict in Syria is no nearer a solution; now, militant Islam (ISIS) has begun to attack cities in Iraq. both Christians and Muslims- are persecuted across a range of Middle-eastern countries. Yet to sink into despair is to ignore certain signs of hope. a bright beacon must be the visit of Pope Francis to the Holy Land and his subsequent invitation to both political leaders—Shimon Peres and Mahmoud abbas—to come to rome and pray with him on Pentecost Sunday June 8th. That both events occurred without violent incident was itself a sign of hope. even without being able to estimate long-term benefits, the hope given to suffering people of the region has echoed around the world. In this same spirit of hope the third Volume of the Yearbook is published in the 10th anniversary year of the death of Fr Michael Prior, in the context of a Memorial Conference at Heythrop College. It is fitting that the first article is written by Professor James Conroy, a former student of Fr Michael Prior at St Mary’s College. Called Toledo Guidelines and the Myth of the Andalusian Caliphates, it was presented at the 4th International Conference of bethlehem University ( 2013). This paper’s subject may seem tangential to the issues confronting Muslims and Christians living in the West bank: however, for Palestinians seeking a template for religious freedom and education in the civil society of a future Palestinian state it is extremely relevant. Tolerance is the key term—as it will be for other contributions—meaning the tolerance of Islam with regard to other faiths especially Christianity. Dr Conroy challenges the idea that the Toledo Guidelines of the early Middle ix Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust Yearbook 2014 ages—from andalusia, ‘which have come to both reflect and define approaches to the teaching of world religions is based on tolerance of the other, a recognition of religious commonality and the confluence of belief’: rather, he argues, it is based on a misunderstanding of tolerance. andalusian Muslims were little different from their neighbours and advanced territorial claims with some brutality. Dr Conroy’s article pursues richer notions of religious pluralism, suggesting that the starting point is a psychological and pedagogical scrutiny of the self. Drawing on a range of texts, he illustrates how what binds human beings together is our being enstranged (made strange to ourselves from within) and not being made strange by being different from the other. Finally, he suggests that a re-understanding of otherness might open up new spaces for dialogue in the conflicted context of Palestine. From andalusia we move to the ottoman empire, with four different contributions. The first is a careful historical study ofArmenian Christology by one of its most eminent scholars, Dr Vrej Nersessian. The focus of his study pre-dates the ottoman empire by a thousand years, taking us to the roots of Christianity in armenia, spreading from Caesarea in Cappadocia. For readers unfamiliar with this history, the richness of armenian theology is revealed: Fr Nersessian explains both the divergence of this from Western theology:—this is the Church of the first 3 Councils, Nicaea (325), Constantinople (381) ande phesus (431)—as well as the increasing points of convergence and hopes of agreement with the Chalcedonian Churches. The heart of the issue is how to understand how the two natures of Christ—divine and human, united in the incarnation of Christ. The second article is a historical study of Christianity in Turkey, bringing us into the present: anthony o’Mahony, Director of the Centre for eastern Christianity at Heythrop College discusses Christianity in Modern Turkey in many key aspects. From its early beginnings, the article discusses the impact of the arrival of Islam (1000 aD) and the fact that there was not automatically hostility between the two faiths. one link with the previous article on armenia is the question of the survivors of the armenian Genocide (1915-1916). approximately 600,000 armenians had perished in the deserts of northern Syria and Mesopotamia alone. another aspect is the fact that Christianity is often cast as foreign to Turkishness. While there are a large number of clandestine Christians x Editorial in Turkey, it is difficult to establish an accepted figure. In some contexts, certain minorities, especially armenian, Greek and Syriac Christians are seen—rightly or wrongly—as the reason for the collapse of the ottoman empire because they collaborated with foreign powers— although this accusation may have been made to create a climate of suspicion.