International Review of ASurveyof Cytology Cell Biology VOLUME 250 SERIES EDITORS Geoffrey H. Bourne 1949–1988 James F. Danielli 1949–1984 Kwang W. Jeon 1967– Martin Friedlander 1984–1992 Jonathan Jarvik 1993–1995 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Eve Ida Barak Michael Melkonian Peter L. Beech Keith E. Mostov Howard A. Bern Andreas Oksche Dean Bok Vladimir R. Pantic´ Hiroo Fukuda Thoru Pederson Ray H. Gavin Manfred Schliwa Siamon Gordon Teruo Shimmen May Griffith Robert A. Smith William R. Jeffery Wildred D. Stein Keith Latham Nikolai Tomilin Bruce D. McKee International Review of ASurveyof Cytology Cell Biology Edited by Kwang W. Jeon Department of Biochemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee VOLUME 250 AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Contributors ...................................................................................... ix Adaptations for Nocturnal Vision in Insect Apposition Eyes Birgit Greiner I. Introduction ............................................................................... 1 II. The Structure and Design of Compound Eyes ..................................... 2 III. Nocturnal Life with Apposition Eyes.................................................. 7 IV. Limitations to Vision at Low Light Intensities ...................................... 12 V. Adaptations for Vision in Dim Light .................................................. 14 VI. Concluding Remarks .................................................................... 39 References ................................................................................ 40 Kinase and Phosphatase: The Cog and Spring of the Circadian Clock Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi, Johanna Putterill, and Yuri Ohkoshi I. Introduction ............................................................................... 47 II. Protein Phosphorylation and Clock Functions ...................................... 49 III. Other Approaches to Understanding the Roles of Protein Phosphorylation in the Plant Circadian Clock............................................................ 63 IV. Concluding Remarks .................................................................... 66 References ................................................................................ 67 v vi CONTENTS A Model for Lymphatic Regeneration in Tissue Repair of the Intestinal Muscle Coat Hiroshi Shimoda and Seiji Kato I. Introduction............................................................................... 73 II. Basic Structure of Lymphatic Vessels ............................................... 74 III. Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Markers.................................................. 76 IV. Organization of Lymphatics in the Intestinal Muscle Coat....................... 82 V. Development of Lymphatics in the Intestinal Muscle Coat ...................... 85 VI. Regeneration of Lymphatics in the Intestinal Muscle Coat ...................... 88 VII. Concluding Remarks .................................................................... 97 References ................................................................................ 99 Calcium Homeostasis in Human Placenta: Role of Calcium-Handling Proteins Julie Lafond and Lucie Simoneau I. Introduction............................................................................... 109 II. The Human Placenta .................................................................... 111 III. Placental Transport Functions......................................................... 116 IV. Factors Associated With Decreased Calcium Accretion During Pregnancy ....................................................................... 147 V. Concluding Remarks .................................................................... 149 References ................................................................................ 151 New Insights into the Cell Biology of the Marginal Zone of the Spleen Georg Kraal and Reina Mebius I. Introduction............................................................................... 175 II. Cells of the Marginal Zone............................................................. 177 III. Marginal Zone as a Transit Area for Lymphocytes................................ 192 IV. Functions of the Spleen in Host Defense ........................................... 195 V. Embryonic Development of the Marginal Zone of the Spleen................... 198 VI. Concluding Remarks .................................................................... 203 References ................................................................................ 203 CONTENTS vii Cell Biology of T Cell Activation and Differentiation Marı´a Ange´lica Santana and Fernando Esquivel-Guadarrama I. Introduction ............................................................................... 217 II. Cell Biology of Dendritic Cells ......................................................... 220 III. Subpopulations of T Cells .............................................................. 226 IV. Immunological Synapses ............................................................... 229 V. T Cell Activation .......................................................................... 238 VI. T Cell DiVerentiation..................................................................... 245 VII. T Cell Migration .......................................................................... 251 VIII. Tolerance .................................................................................. 256 IX. Concluding Remarks .................................................................... 259 References ................................................................................ 261 Index .............................................................................................. 275 This page intentionally left blank CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. Marı´a Ange´lica Santana (217), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Fernando Esquivel-Guadarrama (217), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Birgit Greiner (1), Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden Seiji Kato (73), Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University 1–1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879–5593, Japan Georg Kraal (175), Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Julie Lafond (109), Laboratoire de Physiologie Materno-Fœtale, Centre de recherche BioMed, Universite´ du Que´bec a` Montre´al, Montre´al, Canada, H3C 3P8 Reina Mebius (175), Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immu- nology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi (47), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan Yuri Ohkoshi (47), Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan Johanna Putterill (47), School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ix x CONTRIBUTORS Hiroshi Shimoda (73), Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University 1–1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879–5593, Japan Lucie Simoneau (109), Laboratoire de Physiologie Materno-Fœtale, Centre de recherche BioMed, Universite´ du Que´bec a` Montre´al, Montre´al, Canada, H3C 3P8 Adaptations for Nocturnal Vision in Insect Apposition Eyes Birgit Greiner Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden Due to our own preference for bright light, we tend to forget that many insects are active in very dim light. Nocturnal insects possess in general superposition compound eyes. This eye design is truly optimized for dim light as photons can be gathered through large apertures comprised of hundreds of lenses. In apposition eyes, on the other hand, the aperture consists of a single lens resulting in a poor photon catch and unreliable vision in dim light. Apposition eyes are therefore typically found in day‐active insects. Some nocturnal insects have nevertheless managed the transition to a strictly nocturnal lifestyle while retaining their highly unsuitable apposition eye design. Large lenses and wide photoreceptors enhance the sensitivity of nocturnal apposition eyes. However, as the gain of these optical adaptations is limited and not sufficient for vision in dim light, additional neural adaptations in the form of spatial and temporal summation are necessary. KEY WORDS: Vision, Dim light, Nocturnal insects, Apposition eye, Landmark navigation, Optical and neural adaptations, Temporal and spatial summation, Theoretical modeling. ß 2006 Elsevier Inc. I. Introduction Insects with apposition eyes are generally day‐active since this eye design has significant limitations in dim light. Apposition eyes have small lenses and therefore a poor photon capture, resulting in unreliable visual signals at low light intensities. Nevertheless, some insects have managed the transition from a diurnal to a nocturnal lifestyle while retaining apposition eyes. International Review of Cytology, Vol. 250 1 0074-7696/06 $35.00 Copyright 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(06)50001-4 2 BIRGIT GREINER As in the words of Autrum