Contents Page List of Figures 04 2.0 Pragmatic Utopia (Where We Are Going) 41 Acknowledgements 09 2.1 Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey 42 Abstract 11 2.2 Critique of Urban Utopia 43 Introduction 13 2.3 Pragmatic Utopia 45 Research Method 16 2.4 Conclusions 47 1.0 The Tripolar Model of Sustainability (Where We Are) 21 3.0 Hedonistic Sustainability (How We Get There) 49 1.1 The 3 E’s 24 3.0 Bjarke Ingels Group 52 1.2 The Sustainability Diagram 28 3.1 Restructuring the Tripolar Model 53 1.3 Issues Surrounding the Tripolar Model 29 3.2 Case Study: Amager Bakke by BIG 57 1.4 Case Study: Strata SE1 by BFLS 31 3.3 Conclusions 67 1.5 Conclusions 39 4.0 Discussion 69 5.0 Conclusion 73 Bibliography 78 List of Figures Figure 00 Front and Back Cover (Author’s Own, 2017) Figure 10 Three Pressure Waves by Elkington: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from (Elkington, 2004) Available at: http://www.johnelkington.com/archive/timelines-wave-diagram.htm. [Accessed 08/01/2017] Figure 01 Bjarke Ingels. (BIG, 2009:34) Figure 11 Corporate Characteristics: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from (Elkington, 2004:11) Figure 02 Secretary-General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, Speaking at COP 16. (UN Climate Talks, 2010) Figure 12 Venn Diagram of Sustainability: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from (Moir et al., 2004:1480) Figure 03 Leonardo DiCaprio’s Oscars Acceptance Speech: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from AP Images (Sutherlin, 2016) Figure 13 Tripolar Model Diagram. (Author’s Own, 2017) Available at: http://footwearnews.com/2016/fn-spy/awards/oscars-2016-celebrities-react-leonardo-dicaprio-win-la- dy-gagas-performance-198310/. [Accessed 05/03/2017]. Figure 04 Diagram of Deductive Research: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from Research Methodology (2016). Figure 14 Strata SE1 Turbine. Photo by Will Pryce. (ArchDaily, 2010) Available at: http://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-approach/deductive-approach-2/. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/70142/strata-se1-bfls. [Accessed 10/10/2016] [Accessed 22/02/2017] Figure 05 Writing Structure. (Author’s Own, 2017) Figure 15 Diagram of Strata SE1. (ArchDaily, 2010) Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/70142/strata-se1-bfls. [Accessed 22/02/2017] Figure 06 Strata SE1 by BFLS. (urban75, 2011) Figure 16 Strata SE1 Turbines. (ArchDaily, 2010) Available at: http://www.urban75.org/blog/the-rarely-spinning-turbines-of-the-strata-tower-south-london/. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/70142/strata-se1-bfls. [Accessed 22/02/2017] [Accessed 22/02/2017] Figure 07 3D Visualisation of Amager Bakke by BIG. (Dezeen, 2013) Figure 17 Strata SE1 Affordable Homes: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from (ArchDaily, 2010) Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/03/05/amager-bakke-waste-to-energy-plant-by-big/. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/70142/strata-se1-bfls. [Accessed 10/10/2016] [Accessed 22/02/2017] Figure 08 View from Strata SE1 by BFLS. Photo by Will Pryce. (ArchDaily, 2010) Figure 18 Strata SE1 Turbines Diagram. (ArchDaily, 2010) Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/70142/strata-se1-bfls. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/70142/strata-se1-bfls. [Accessed 22/02/2017] [Accessed 22/02/2017] Figure 09 Strata SE1 by BFLS. Photo by Will Pryce. (ArchDaily, 2010) Figure 19 ‘Urbanism’, New York City. (Author’s Own, 2016) Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/70142/strata-se1-bfls. [Accessed 22/02/2017] 6 7 List of Figures Figure 20 Henri Lefebvre. Photo by Sophie Bassouls (Merrifield, 2006) Figure 31 Analytical Criteria. (Author’s Own, 2017) Figure 21 David Harvey. (Alchetron, 2014) Figure 32 Amager Bakke Ecosystem: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from lecture slide (TEDx Talks, 2011, 16:40) Available at: https://alchetron.com/David-Harvey-602675-W. [Accessed 25/02/2017] Figure 22 Characteristics of Urban Utopia. (Author’s Own, 2017) Figure 33 Loop City. (BIG, 2017) Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/unfccc/5242776378/in/photostream/. Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-loop. [Accessed 07/03/2017] [Accessed 27/02/2017] Figure 23 3D Aerial View of Amager Bakke. (BIG, 2017) Figure 34 3D Visual of Amager Bakke Ski Slope. (BIG, 2017) Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. [Accessed 27/02/2017] [Accessed 27/02/2017] Figure 24 3D Visual of Amager Bakke. (BIG, 2017) Figure 35 3D Visual of Steam Ring. (BIG, 2017) Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. [Accessed 27/02/2017] [Accessed 27/02/2017] Figure 25 Bjarke Ingels, Yes Is More. (BIG, 2009:12) Figure 36 Chimney Diagrams. (BIG, 2017) Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. [Accessed 27/02/2017] Figure 26 Restructuring the Tripolar Model 1: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from (Findeli, 2008:309) Figure 37 Amager Bakke Under Construction. (Klausen, 2016) Available at: http://www.licitationen.dk/article/view/301296/amager_bakke_er_ved_at_na_toppen#. [Accessed 06/02/2017] Figure 27 Restructuring the Tripolar Model 2: (Author’s Own, 2017) Figure 38 3D Visual of Amager Bakke. (BIG, 2017) Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. [Accessed 27/02/2017] Figure 28 Hedonistic Sustainability Model: Author’s Own (2017) Image adapted from (Findeli, 2008:311) Figure 39 Comparison Table. (Author’s Own, 2017) Figure 29 Little Denmark Ecosystem. (BIG, 2017) Figure 40 3D Visualisation of Amager Bakke from the Harbour. (BIG, 2017) Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-ldk. Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. [Accessed 27/02/2017] [Accessed 27/02/2017] Figure 30 3D Visualisation of Amager Bakke. (BIG, 2017) Figure 41 Characteristics of Urban Utopia. (Author’s Own, 2017) Available at: http://www.big.dk/#projects-arc. [Accessed 27/02/2017] 8 9 Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my supervisor, David Grierson for his expert advice and encouragement throughout this dissertation process. I would also like to show my appreciation to my friends and family for their encouragement and contribution to my emotional well-being throughout the completion of this dissertation. Abstract Issues surrounding sustainability and the environment have received more attention and discussion in recent years than at any previous time. The emergence of political summits and policies to tackle global environ- mental problems indicates a growing awareness of environmental issues, as well as a positive shift from the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) towards the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP). Despite this increase in aware- ness, sustainability as a concept is still often perceived with negative connotations. As Ingels says, people ask, “How much of our existing quality of life do we have to sacrifice in order to be sustainable?” (2011). The reason for this is that popular approaches to sustainability such as the Tripolar Model (otherwise known as the 3P or 3E Model) are driven by reactions to the negative situations regarding earth’s fragile environment. These re- active methods of sustainability are not doing enough to progress mankind any closer to a pragmatic urban utopia. Hedonistic Sustainability is an approach to sustainable design which provides a new perspective on how buildings can be designed with human experience and enjoyment in mind. This approach could be the next step in pushing sustainable design forward by proactively working towards a pragmatic utopia, rather than by reacting to the current negative situation of global warming. By doing this, it is possible to demonstrate that human lifestyles do not need to be adapted to suit sustainability, rather sustainable design can be adapted to improve human lifestyles. With reference to the work of Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey as a socio-political critique of utopia, exam- ples of the Tripolar sustainable design method and Hedonistic Sustainability are examined. This is to under- stand and identify how Hedonistic Sustainability offers a more positive contribution to the New Ecological Paradigm through societal-environmental interaction. Strata SE1 by BFLS and Amager Bakke by Bjarke Ingels Group are respectively used as examples of the Tripolar and Hedonistic Models of sustainability. A comparison of these examples against a critique of urban utopia, suggests that the ambitions of Hedonistic Sustainability offer a more positive contribution to the NEP than cur- rent models of sustainable design theory, and that furthermore we do not have to adapt ourselves to sustain- able design, but rather sustainable design can be adapted to suit and improve our lives. Figure 01|Bjarke Ingels. (BIG, 2009:34) 11 INTRODUCTION 1412 Figure 02|Secretary-General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, Speaking at COP 16. (UN Climate Talks, 2010) 1513 Introduction Introduction “Sustainability is often associated with some puritan concept where you’re not supposed to take long warm showers or take long distance flights for holiday –because it’s not good for the environment. So gradually, you get the idea that sustainable life is less fun than “normal” life!” (Ingels, 2009:34) Issues surrounding sustainability and environmental awareness are more prevalent in today’s society than at The threat of climate change should not be ignored; however, the question arises as to whether this negative any other time in history. From green architectural practice (Ragheb, 2015) and sustainable business devel- or even scaremongering approach is effective in convincing people to opt for sustainable lifestyles. opment (James, 2016) to the emergence of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC, 2014), and its annual Conference of Parties (COP) events. Twenty-two COP events have been held The author proposes that instead of reacting to the negative environmental situation, sustainability should be around the world over the past 26 years, apparently without significant achievement: focused on the positive goal of developing urban utopias which are pragmatic and improve the quality and enjoyment of human life.