National Aeronautics and Space Administration Human Lunar Exploration Architectures John Connolly NASA – JSC October, 2012 WELCOME ROCKET SCIENTISTS! 2 The Rocket Equation – It’s Not Just a Good Idea, It’s the LAW 3 How You Get There/What You Do There Human Lunar Exploration is a function of two primary variables: • The transportation architecture (“How You Get There”) and • The Surface Mission Architecture (“What You Do There”) These two variables are utterly interrelated, but are often decided without regard to the other Further, “What you do there” is often a function of what you can get there! 4 How You Get There: Current Lunar Transportation Options Lunar Transportation can be further defined by a series of architectural choices: • Launch vehicle capability – Space Launch System (Block 1, 1A, II) – Falcon (9, 9 Heavy, X) – Delta IV (Medium, Medium+, Heavy) – International Launch Vehicles (HIIA, Ariane V, Proton, Long March) • Staging locations – None (direct) – Low Earth orbit (LEO, includes ISS) – High Earth Orbit (HEO) – Libration Points (L1, L2) – High Lunar Orbit (HLO) Lunar Sortie DRM – Low lunar orbit (LLO) MOON Descent by Lander Ascent by Lander ΔV =2.180 km/s ΔV = 1.968 km/s 7 d at Moon Disposal CPS 1 Disposal Orbit TBD Orbit TBD CPS 2 Orbital Maint. by Lander De-Orbit by Lander ΔV = 0.053 km/s ΔV =0.023 km/s Ascent Stage 100 km Low Lunar Orbit LOI by CPS 1 LOI by CPS 2 Plane Change ΔV =0.952 km/s Dock All Elements Dock All Elements ΔV =0.952 km/s Contingency by MPCV (crew transfer) (crew transfer) ΔV =0.129 km/s Orbital Maint. by MPCV TEI burn by MPCV ΔV = 0.003 km/s per day ΔV = 1.256 km/s 5 d Transit RPOD by MPCV 5 d Transit ΔV = 0.032 km/s TLI by CPS 1 TLI by CPS 2 4 d Transit ΔV =3.276 km/s ΔV = 3.276 km/s LEO 407 km x 407 km Circ burn by CPS 1 Circ burn by CPS 2 TCM burns by MPCV ΔV = 0.204 km/s ΔV = 0.204 km/s ΔV = 0.011 km/s MPCV with Crew Lunar Lander MPCV SM Block 1 CPS 1 Block 1 CPS 2 EDL • Lunar Surface Notes: • Mission Duration – up to 7 days • spacecraft icons are not to scale • ΔV’s include 5% FPR SLS SLS • Block 1 CPSs (no LBO) • RCS burns not displayed in • Lunar Lander requires Low Boil-off chart • Not all discrete burns displayed EARTH 15 Pre-Decisional: For NASA Internal Use 15 Only 5 Current Launch Vehicle Options 6 Earth-Moon Delta-V/ToF Network With LGA V Long ToF Each staging location offers Earth return Δ Vs ~3430 m/s ToF ~8 days assume aerocapture different benefits to V Short ToF used for insertion into ~3950 m/s V ToF ~4 days LEO or return to Long ToF orbital and surface ~3970 m/s V Earth Return Earth’s surface ToF ~4 days ~350 m/s ToF ~8 days missions V Short ToF ~4500 m/s ToF ~2 days V Earth Return ~1310 m/s V ~650 m/s ToF ~4 days ToF ~3 days V Long ToF ~640 m/s V ToF ~3 days Long ToF Lunar ~3770 m/s V Short ToF ~750 m/s Deep Space ToF ~ 4 days Surface V ~2530 m/s V ~10,000 ~10,000 m/sV V ToF ~2 day Escape V Short ToF ~1870 m/s ToF ~3 days ~4410 m/s LEO ToF ~2 days E-M L1 LLO E-M L2 V ~710 m/s V Earth Return V ~770 m/s Long ToF ~2520 m/s Earth ToF ~4 days ToF ~3 days V ~140 m/s ToF ~14 days LTO Lunar Transfer Orbit LLO Low Lunar Orbit Staging location will affect : E-M L1 Earth-Moon Libration Point L1 E-M L2 Earth-Moon Libration Point L2 • Flight time to/from the surface LEO Low Earth Orbit • Surface access • Mass that can be landed • “Split” of maneuvers among propulsive stages7 “What You Do There” – Lunar Surface Mission Options • Like transportation, the lunar surface mission is further defined by a series of mission content and operational choices • The combination of these choices will determine the overall scope of the mission Increasing complexity, mass, # of elements, return Sortie Campaign of missions (e.g., Apollo) (e.g.,Global Exploration Roadmap) 8 Lunar Surface Mission Variables Increasing complexity, mass, # of elements, return Sortie Campaign Science Content Sortie geology Multidisciplinary science Surface Area Explored Local (EVA walking distance) 1000’s of km Landing site diversity/access Polar/equitorial Global access Surface Mission Duration Lunar daytime Multiple months EVA hours 2 crew minimum EVA Full crew maximize EVA hours Amount of self reliance None Autonomy + full ISRU SKG’s addressed Few Most Human Research addressed Few Most Technology infusion TRL now Maximize new technology Contribution to Mars preparation Minimal Fully Mars focused International participation None Fully integrated Commercial participation None Fully integrated 9 Lunar Surface Mission Study History • 1985 Lunar Bases book (Mendell) • 1988 Eagle Engineering LBSS Study • 1989 90-day study – 4 options Option 1 – Mini-habitat elements with Crew Lander (LAT-1) Option 2 – Mini-habitat elements with Crew/Cargo Lander • 1990 LMEPO Architectures Option 3 – Single Delivery, Monolithic Habitat – 4 options Option 4 – Mobile Lander Habitat System Option 5 – Early Delivery of Pressurized Rover • 1991 Synthesis Group Option 6 – Nuclear Surface Fission Power • 1992 First Lunar Outpost • 1993 LUNOX • 1999 Decadal Planning Team (DPT) • 2001 NEXT • 2003 Space Architect Studies • 2004 Concept Exploration and Refinement (CE&R) Studies • 2004 LaRC/JSC Transportation Studies • 2005 ESAS • 2006 LAT 1 • 2007 LAT2 • 2008 Cx/LSS Surface Architecture Reference (SARD) • 200x LSS Scenarios • CxAT-Lunar • 2010 GPOD • 2011 HAT 10 LUNAR SURFACE- SORTIE 11 Lunar Sortie DRM MOON Descent by Lander Ascent by Lander ΔV =2.180 km/s ΔV = 1.968 km/s 7 d at Moon Disposal CPS 1 Disposal Orbit TBD Orbit TBD CPS 2 Orbital Maint. by Lander De-Orbit by Lander ΔV = 0.053 km/s ΔV =0.023 km/s Ascent Stage 100 km Low Lunar Orbit LOI by CPS 1 LOI by CPS 2 Plane Change ΔV =0.952 km/s Dock All Elements Dock All Elements ΔV =0.952 km/s Contingency by MPCV (crew transfer) (crew transfer) ΔV =0.129 km/s Orbital Maint. by MPCV TEI burn by MPCV ΔV = 0.003 km/s per day ΔV = 1.256 km/s 5 d Transit RPOD by MPCV 5 d Transit ΔV = 0.032 km/s TLI by CPS 1 TLI by CPS 2 4 d Transit ΔV =3.276 km/s ΔV = 3.276 km/s LEO 407 km x 407 km Circ burn by CPS 1 Circ burn by CPS 2 TCM burns by MPCV ΔV = 0.204 km/s ΔV = 0.204 km/s ΔV = 0.011 km/s MPCV with Crew Lunar Lander MPCV SM Block 1 CPS 1 Block 1 CPS 2 EDL • Lunar Surface Notes: • Mission Duration – up to 7 days • spacecraft icons are not to scale • ΔV’s include 5% FPR SLS SLS • Block 1 CPSs (no LBO) • RCS burns not displayed in chart • Lunar Lander requires Low Boil-off • Not all discrete burns displayed EARTH 12 Pre-Decisional: For NASA Internal Use 12 Only Tsiolkovsky Sortie Overview (Helper, Shearer, Spudis, Bleacher, 2006) • Landing site near the central peak of Tsiolkovsky Crater • 4 Crew performs EVA each landed day (28 EVA days total) • Crew lives out of lander’s hab module • 2 unpressurized rovers • Geology emphasis – sampling of 4 different geological units within roving distance of landing site Feldspathic crater floor Mafic crater floor • 1 long EVA of ~32 km round-trip (EVA “6/7”) • All other EVAs < 20 km round trip • LRV traverse geological sampling – Stop every kilometer and sample regolith Landing Site – Selected rake samples • Ground penetrating radar Mare basalt floor “Troctolitic” central peak – Map subsurface structure and determine mare thickness Anorthositic central peak • Deploy network of instrument station sites – Geophones – Seismic sources – Surface magnetometers 13 Tsiolkovsky Sortie Overview “Street View” Chart Mission Sequence Crew Transfer, Plane Change Contingency by MPCV Dock All Elements Undocking ΔV =0.129 km/s (crew transfer) Descent by Lander ΔV =2.074 km/s Lunar Orbit Lunar 1 3 5 Discard 8 Ascent Stage Crew Departs 2 6&7 4 Ascent by Lander ΔV =1.974 km/s Lunar Surface Lunar Day 1 – Landing & 19 k m Day 2 – 14.5 km Day 3 – 18 km EVA Day 4 – 17 km EVA Day 5 - 18 km EVA Day 6 – 32 km EVA Day 7 – 21 km EVA EVA EVA Mission Site: Tsiolkovsky Mission Summary Mission Elements Crater • Four crew spend one week • 2x Rechargeable 5 exploring the Tsiolkovsky Crater unpressurized rovers 4 in daily EVAs. • Geological Sampling tools 6&7 • Geology focus with significant • Ground penetrating radar sample return • Network of instrument station 21 • Unpressurized rovers, maximum sites S 8 32 km traverse • Geophones 1 • Ground penetrating radar to map • Seismic sources subsurface structure and • Surface 2 3 determine mare thickness magnetometers 129 E • Geologic instrument deployment 14 Tsiolkovsky Sortie Overview Destination Elements Element SAIF ID Mass (t) FSE (t) • Unpressurized rovers (2) Unpressurized Rovers (2) 400.00 Ground Penetrating Radar (2) 40.00 Instrument Stations (4): • Ground penetrating radar Geophones 44.80 Seismic sources incl. above – Map subsurface structure and Surface magnetometers 34.40 determine mare thickness Geologic Sampling Tools: 5.90 Core drills (2) 33.80 Sample rakes (2) 3.00 • Instrument stations Bulk sample tools (4) 16.80 Sample bags 8.00 – Geophones Cameras (4) 25.00 Sample Return Container (6) 24.00 – Seismic sources Total 635.70 Capability 500.00 – Surface magnetometers Difference -135.70 • Geological sampling tools – Core drills – Sample rakes – Bulk sample tool – Sample bags – Cameras Ground Instrument Geologic penetrating stations Sampling radar Tools 15 GER-DERIVED LUNAR DESTINATION DRM 16 GER-Derived Lunar Destination DRM This lunar destination DRM is derived from the GER Lunar mission: • Multiple (5) extended stay (up to 28 day) missions, beginning with robotic precursors and initial cargo landers • Lunar surface emphasis is to test the capabilities and learn self-sufficiency in preparation for human Mars missions • 4 crew • Polar site • Small