SITUATION ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN MYANMAR September 2016 Myanmar Information Management Unit Peace Support Fund SITUATION ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN MYANMAR 1 To the reader: This Situation Analysis is a first step towards identifying key trends and bringing together a growing body of knowledge and data on southeastern Myanmar across the development, humanitarian and peace sectors. Each section of this report provides an overview of key issues and seeks to understand the current situation in a heterogenous area of Myanmar. This report includes a wealth of resources that a host of actors can draw on in their engagement in this part of Myanmar. Documents used in this Situation Analysis are available through the MIMU website: http://themimu.info/se-situation-analysis. Suggested citation: MIMU and PSF. (2016). Situation Analysis of southeastern Myanmar. Disclaimer: The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the United Nations, MIMU, PSF, the Government of Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, or the Government of Sweden. SITUATION ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN MYANMAR 2 Table of Contents Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................................3 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................7 Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................8 About this analysis ......................................................................................................................................17 Background and context ............................................................................................................................20 Key actors ...................................................................................................................................................46 1. Economy and livelihoods .......................................................................................................................52 2. Infrastructure and investment ..............................................................................................................63 3. Natural resources and the environment .............................................................................................71 4. Services – education and health ...........................................................................................................80 5. Governance, justice and land rights .....................................................................................................94 6. Peacebuilding ....................................................................................................................................... 102 7. Landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) .......................................................................... 110 8. Displaced people and migration ........................................................................................................ 117 9. Gender .................................................................................................................................................. 127 10. Vulnerable groups (undocumented residents and children) ....................................................... 132 11. Lessons learned ................................................................................................................................. 140 Annex 1: Information gaps .................................................................................................................... 144 References and sources .......................................................................................................................... 146 SITUATION ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN MYANMAR 3 Table of Figures Figure 1: Timeline ..........................................................................................................................................21 Figure 1: Timeline (continued) .............................................................................................................................22 Figure 2: 2015 Pyithu Hluttaw election results, by township ...................................................................26 Figure 3: Southeastern Myanmar States/Regions and townships ..........................................................27 Figure 4: Topography, significant roads and airports of southeastern Myanmar ................................28 Figure 5: Size of States/Regions in southeastern Myanmar ....................................................................29 Figure 6: Village mapping status, by township ..........................................................................................30 Figure 7: Population and density, by State/Region ...................................................................................32 Figure 8 Population density (people by square kilometre), by State/Region ........................................33 Figure 9: Urban/rural populations, by State/Region .................................................................................34 Figure 10: Major ethnic groups in southeastern Myanmar .....................................................................35 Figure 11: Main Spoken Languages of Myanmar ......................................................................................36 Figure 12: Development statistics, by State/Region ..................................................................................37 Figure 13: Reported projects at village tract level in southeastern Myanmar (March 2016) ..............45 Figure 14: Activities in southeastern Myanmar, by sector and village tract ..........................................46 Figure 15: Overview of coordination bodies in southeastern Myanmar, by State/Region ..................49 Figure 16: Employed population (aged 10 and over), by industry and State/Region ...........................53 Figure 17: Labour force participation rate and unemployment (aged 15-64, by gender and State/Region) .......................................................................................................................54 Figure 18: Myanmar township wealth ranking, southeastern Myanmar townships included in top and bottom quintiles nationwide .....................................................................................56 Figure 19: Wealth ranking by township (2014) ..........................................................................................57 Figure 20: Farming systems in Myanmar ...................................................................................................58 Figure 21: Selected agricultural contributions of southeastern Myanmar in relation to countrywide production, 2014-2015 ......................................................................................................59 Figure 22: Estimated acreage under poppy cultivation in southeastern Myanmar, 2014 ..................61 Figure 23: Areas in Myanmar with poppy cultivation ...............................................................................62 Figure 24: Major international road links to southeastern Myanmar ....................................................66 Figure 25: Total beds in hotels, motels, and inns/guesthouses by State/Region, 2010-11, 2014-15 ...........................................................................................................................................67 Figure 26: Mobile phone access, by township ...........................................................................................68 Figure 27: Households reporting access to mobile phones in southeastern Myanmar, by State/Region ..............................................................................................................................................69 Figure 28: Electrification rates, by State/Region ........................................................................................69 Figure 29: List of main natural resources, by State/Region .....................................................................73 Figure 30: Mineral belts of Myanmar ..........................................................................................................74 SITUATION ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN MYANMAR 4 Figure 31: Total forested area in southeastern Myanmar, by State/Region .........................................75 Figure 32: Myanmar timber products export, by value ............................................................................76 Figure 33: Areas of potential vulnerability based on flooding and cyclone events, by township ....................................................................................................................................................78 Figure 34: Social service expenditures as a percentage of Union expenditures ..................................81 Figure 35: Literacy rates, by gender and State/Region .............................................................................83 Figure 36: Literacy rates in