Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Watershed Based Analysis of Land Use Change in Laguna Lake Basin in the Philippines: Case Study from San Cristobal Micro-Watershed PhD Thesis Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Watershed Based Analysis of Land Use Change in Laguna Lake Basin in the Philippines: Case Study from San Cristobal Micro-Watershed PhD Thesis ii PhD Thesis Shamik Chakraborty Supervisors: Prof. Fellizar Francisco Jr. & Prof Sanga Ngoie Kazadi Date of Submission 2011/05/03 PhD Program in Asia Pacific Studies Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University 1-1 Jumonjibaru Beppu, Oita, Japan iii Table of Contents PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. xiv Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. xvii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... xix 1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 1 1.1 On land use changes .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 River basin and its characteristics ..................................................................................... 7 1.3 Rationale of the research ................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Analysis of human-environment interactions in the Laguna de Bay Basin ................... 12 1.5 Assumptions, methods and framework ........................................................................... 17 1.5.1 Assumptions ............................................................................................................. 17 1.5.2 Research questions ................................................................................................... 24 1.5.3 Fieldwork design and data analysis methods ........................................................... 25 1.5.4 Identification and coding of land uses from topographical maps ............................ 30 1.5.5 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 32 1.6 Thesis outline and structure ............................................................................................. 32 References ............................................................................................................................. 36 2. GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN ...... 42 2.1 Introduction and objectives ............................................................................................. 42 2.2 Topography ..................................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Soils ................................................................................................................................. 46 2.4 Climate ............................................................................................................................ 50 2.5 Population ........................................................................................................................ 55 iv 2.6 A description of river systems with their associated land uses ....................................... 61 2.7 Ecological characteristics of the Laguna Lake ................................................................ 77 2.8 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 90 References ........................................................................................................................... 92 3. FROM ‘WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT’ TO ‘LAND AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT’ ...................................................................................... 95 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 95 3.2 Integrated water resource management: A historical perspective ................................... 97 3.3 Social ecological systems and the causes of their collapse ........................................... 106 3.4 Basin governance for complex adaptive strategies for ecosystem homeostasis ............ 113 3.4.1 Co-adaptation, co-evolution and ecosystem homeostasis ...................................... 114 3.4.2 Natural resource management for ecosystem homeostasis .................................... 115 3.4.3 Human institutions and resource user communities for resource use: patterning ecological processes through resilience .......................................................................... 118 3.5 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 120 References ........................................................................................................................... 124 4. LAND USE CHANGES IN LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN WITH REFERENCE TO THE SAN CRISTOBAL MICRO-WATERSHED ...................................................... 128 4.1 Introduction and objectives ........................................................................................... 128 4.2 Some features of land changes in Laguna de Bay Basin ............................................... 129 4.3 Land use changes in San Cristobal Micro-Watershed ................................................... 152 4.3.1 Introduction and objectives .................................................................................... 152 4.3.2 Analysis of land use change ................................................................................... 153 4.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 170 References ........................................................................................................................... 175 v 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN EXPANSIONS IN THE SHORELAND REGIONS OF THE LAGUNA LAKE ......................................................................... 178 5.1 Introduction and objectives ........................................................................................... 178 5.2 Some features of urbanization and peri-urbanization .................................................... 180 5.3 Population trends in the shoreland regions of Laguna de Bay ...................................... 184 5.4 The status of lake pollution and policy issues in the shorelands ................................... 190 5.5 Ecological values of shoreland regions ........................................................................... 207 5.6 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 225 References ........................................................................................................................... 229 6. POLICY PERSPECTIVES AND THEIR RELATION TO LAND USE IN THE LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SAN CRISTOBAL WATERSHED ................................................................................................................ 234 6.1 Introduction and objectives ........................................................................................... 234 6.2 Calabarzon project in the foreground of national economic policy of the Philippines . 235 6.3 Industry based land use versus critical rice lands: A critical appraisal of policies ........ 249 6.4 Regional food security in the Laguna de Bay region: An example of rice ................... 259 6.5 Some recent changes in the land use of San Cristobal Watershed and its vicinity ....... 266 6.5.1 Effluents and biophysical health of San Cristobal and Laguna: Vital statistics of a river and the lake ............................................................................................................. 259 6.6 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 297 References ........................................................................................................................... 300 7. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCH .......................................................... 303 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 319 9. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 334 vi Appendix 1 ....................................................................................................................... 335 Appendix 2 ....................................................................................................................... 368 Appendix 3 ....................................................................................................................... 377 Maps and Charts ............................................................................................................... 395 List of Figures Figure 1.1: The ratio of the lake surface area to its total watershed area .................................. 13 Figure 1.2: Research logic ........................................................................................................