People Power and Protest Since 1945: A Bibliography of Nonviolent Action Compiled by April Carter, Howard Clark and Michael Randle iv © April Carter, Howard Clark and Michael Randle 2006 First published 2006 by Housmans Bookshop Limited, 5 Caledonian Road, Kings Cross, London N1 9DX 020 7837 4473; [email protected]; www.housmans.com All rights reserved. Reproduction of this bibliography by photocopying or electronic means for non-commercial purposes is permitted. Otherwise, no part of this bibliography may be reproduced, adapted, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior written permission of April Carter, Howard Clark and Michael Randle. ISBN: 0 85283 262 1 A CIP catalogue record for this bibliography is available from the British Library. Cover design by York Publishing Services Ltd Prepared and printed by: York Publishing Services Ltd 64 Hallfield Road Layerthorpe York YO31 7ZQ Tel: 01904 431213; Fax: 01904 430868; Website: www.yps- publishing.co.uk v Contents Acknowledgements viii Foreword by Paul Rogers ix General Introduction 1 A. Introduction to Nonviolent Action 7 Introduction 7 1. Nonviolent action: theory, methods and examples 7 2. Gandhi and Gandhian campaigns 13 3. Nonviolent (civilian) resistance and national defence 16 4. Nonviolent intervention and accompaniment 18 B. Elements of Nonviolent Resistance to Colonialism After 1945 22 Introduction Africa 1. Central Africa to 1964 23 a. Malawi (Nyasaland) 24 b. Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) 25 2. Ghana (Gold Coast) to 1957 26 3. Kenya to 1963 27 4. Nigeria to 1960 28 C. Campaigns for Rights and Democracy in Communist Regimes 29 Introduction (including references to Bulgaria and to Mongolia, 1989/1990) I. USSR and Central and Eastern Europe to 1991 30 1. a. Comparative studies of dissent 30 b. Literature on the revolutions of 1989-90 31 2. Baltic States, 1944-91 32 3. Czechoslovakia, 1948-99 33 a. The Prague Spring and resistance to occupation, 1968-69 33 b. ‘Normalization’ to the Velvet Revolution, 1970-89 34 4. East Germany (GDR), 1945-89 35 a. The 1953 uprising 36 b. The rise of dissent to the fall of the Berlin Wall, 1960s to 1989 36 5. Hungary, 1947-89 37 a. Destalinization and revolution, 1953-56 38 b. Gradual growth of dissent, 1960-89 39 6. Poland, 1945-89 40 a. Destalinization and mass resistance, 1953-56 41 b. Reaction and developing dissent, 1960s and 1970s 41 c. Solidarity: from opposition to government, 1980-89 43 7. Romania, 1945-89 44 iii 8. Soviet Union, 1945-91 46 a. Growing dissent, 1965-84 47 b. The Gorbachev years and popular protest, 1985-90; and resisting the the 1991 coup 50 9. Yugoslavia, 1945-90 51 a. Two stages of reform: 1950-54 and 1960s; and dissent 1960s-70s 52 b. Post-Tito politics in the 1980s 53 II. China and Tibet, from 1947 53 1. China 53 a. The Hundred Flowers Movement, 1956-57 54 b. The Democracy Movement, 1976-79 55 c. Tiananmen, The mass protests of 1989 55 d. China since 1990 57 2. Tibet 58 D. Resisting Rigged Elections, Oppression, Dictatorship, or Military Rule 60 I. Africa 60 Introduction 1. South Africa, Resisting apartheid to 1994 60 a. Internal resistance 61 b. External boycotts 63 c. Resisting South African military policies 64 2. Zimbabwe, Resisting Mugabe’s autocracy since 2000 65 II. Asia 67 Introduction (including references to Nepal 1990 and Kyrgyzstan 2005) 1. Burma, Resisting military dictatorship 1988, and ongoing protest 68 2. Korea (South), Demanding democracy, 1979-80 and 1986-87 69 3. Pakistan, Resisting military rule, 1968 and 1980s 70 4. Philppines 72 a. Resisting Marcos, 1983-86 72 b. Challenging Estrada, 2001 74 5. Taiwan, 1970s and 1980s 75 6. Thailand, Demanding democracy 1973 and 1992 76 III. Europe 77 Introduction (including references to Portugal 1974, and to Belarus today) 1. Former Yugoslavia after 1990 79 a. Serbia, Resisting Milosevic 1996-2000 80 b. Kosovo, Resisting Serbian oppression 1988-98 81 2. Georgia, Challenging ‘rigged’ elections 2003 82 3. Greece, Resisting the Colonels, 1967-74 83 4. Spain, Resisting Franco up to 1975 85 5. Ukraine, People power and elections, 2004-2005 87 iv IV. Latin America 89 Introduction (including references to pre-1945 people power, Colombia, Guatemala and Venezuela) 1. Argentina, Resisting the military dictatorship, 1977-81 92 2. Bolivia, Resisting repression, 1964-82 93 3. Brazil, Resisting military rule, 1964-85 94 4. Chile 95 a. The right mobilizes against Salvador Allende, 1972-73 95 b. Resisting the Pinochet dictatorship, 1973-90 96 5. Panama, Resisting Noriega 1987-89 97 6. Uruguay, Resisting military rule 1973-84 98 V. Middle East 99 Introduction (including references to Lebanon 2005) 1. Iran, Overthrowing the Shah 1979-1980 100 2. Palestine 101 a. Palestinian resistance after 1967 and the First Intifada, 1987-1992 102 b. Israeli opposition to Israel’s occupation 104 E. Campaigns for Cultural, Civil and Political Rights 106 I. Nationalist Rights or Self Determination 106 1. Welsh Nationalism and nonviolent action 106 II. Campaigns for Civil Rights 107 1. The Civil Rights Movement and Black Power in the USA, 1955-68 107 2. Northern Ireland 113 a. The Civil Rights Movement 1967-72 114 b. The Protestant workers’ strike 1974 116 c. The Peace People, nonviolent intervention to halt violence 1976-1979 117 F. Campaigns for Social and Economic Justice 119 Introduction 1. Demands for land reform and land occupations 119 2. Protests by the unemployed 121 a. Dolci and the reverse strike 121 3. Factory occupations 121 a. Britain and Europe 122 4. Significant strikes 122 a. California grape pickers’ strike, 1965-1970 123 b. The British miners’ strike, 1984-1985 123 5. Campaigns by homeless (squatting) 124 6. Protests against unjust taxes and rents 124 a. Taxes 124 i. Poll tax protests, Britain, 1989-90 125 ii. Fuel tax protests, 2000 125 b. Rent Strikes 125 v G. Nonviolent Action in Social Movements 127 Introduction and references to: a. National/area studies 127 b. Transnational issues and campaigns 128 1. The New Left and student movements, 1960s 128 Introduction a. General and comparative 129 b. Britain 130 c. France, May Events of 1968 130 d. Germany (West) 130 e. USA 130 2. Resistance to the Vietnam War, 1961-73 131 Introduction a. General 132 b. Australia 133 c. South Vietnam (Buddhists) 133 d. USA 134 3. Peace movements since 1945 137 Introduction a. General: national and transnational movements 137 b. Pacifist protest, conscientious objection and draft resistance 139 i. Pacifist and nonviolent thought 140 ii. Conscientious resistance and legal frameworks 141 c. Opposition to nuclear weapons since the 1950s 144 i. Theoretical debates about nuclear weapons 145 ii. Comparative and general studies 146 iii. Studies of particular countries, campaigns or actions 148 d. Campaigns against specific wars or acts of aggression (excluding Vietnam) 151 e. Protests against militarism 153 4. Feminist Protest since the 1960s 155 Introduction a. Protest for Women’s Rights 157 b. Women’s strikes 158 c. Feminist direct action for peace 158 5. Green Campaigns since the 1970s 159 Introduction a. General studies and transnational protest 160 b. Country studies 162 c. Campaigns against nuclear power 163 d. Campaigns against deforestation 163 e. Campaigns against dams 164 f. Campaigns against mining and pollution 164 g. Campaigns against roads, airports, redevelopment etc. 165 6. Campaigns for Indigenous Rights since the 1960s 165 Introduction a. Australia 166 vi b. Canada 166 c. New Zealand 167 d. USA 167 7. Global Justice Movement against Global Neoliberalism and Multinational Corporations 167 Introduction a. General 168 b. Resistance to international economic organizations 170 i. Opposing global summits 170 ii. Opposing IMF policies and privatization (Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador and South Africa) 170 iii. Opposing the World Bank 172 c. Resistance to multinational corporations 172 i. Logging, mining, etc. 172 ii. Oil companies 172 iii. Sweatshops 173 iv. McDonald’s 173 d. Resistance by small farmers 173 e. Zapatistas and other indigenous resistance in Mexico 174 H. Bibliographies, Websites and Library Resources 175 a. Bibliographies 175 b. Websites 176 c. MA and PhD Theses 177 d. Library sources and archives 178 i. Britain 178 ii. Netherlands 178 iii. USA 178 I. Preparation and Training for Nonviolent Action 180 Index to Bibliography 184 Author Index (by item numbers) 184 Subject Index (by page numbers) 193 vii Acknowledgements We are very grateful for advice on particular sections of this bibliography to Adam Baird, Jonathan Cohen, Fay Gadsden, Harri Pritchard-Jones, Lena Pritchard-Jones, Roseanne Reeves, and Jenny Pearce. The Commonweal Collection, which specializes in books, journals and pamphlets related to nonviolence and radical politics and is housed at the the J.B.Priestley Library at Bradford University, was an invaluable aid in compiling this bibliography. Finally, we owe a particular debt of gratitude to the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust for their indispensable financial help towards the publishing and promoting of the work. About the Compilers of the Bibliography April Carter has lectured in politics at the universities of Lancaster, Oxford and Queensland, and was a Summer Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 1985-87. Her publications include The Politics of Women’s Rights (Longman, 1988), Success and Failure in Arms Control Negotiations (SIPRI/Oxford University Press, 1989), Peace Movements (Longman, 1992), and The Political Theory of Global Citizenship (Routledge, 2001). Her latest book is Direct Action and Democracy Today (Polity, 2005). Howard Clark has been a nonviolent activist since 1968, engaging in a variety of campaigns and projects at local, national and increasingly international level. He has a continuing close involvement with Peace News (co-editor 1971-76) and with War Resisters’ International (coordinator 1985-97).