UPLAND PEATS – MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT VOLUME 2 The Case Studies and Appendices October 2010 English Heritage Issue No: 2008-9/850 OAN Job No: L9200 Upland Peats: Volume 2 - the Case Studies 1 CONTENTS A1 APPENDIX 1: DETAILED METHODOLOGY .........................................................3 A1.1 Context for the Case Studies............................................................................3 A1.2 Fieldwalking / Peat Scar Recording .................................................................4 A1.3 Probing............................................................................................................5 A1.4 Test Pitting......................................................................................................5 A1.5 Resistivity Survey............................................................................................6 A1.6 Ground-penetrating Radar Survey....................................................................6 A1.7 Evaluation Trenches ........................................................................................7 A1.8 Palaeoenvironmental Study .............................................................................7 A1.9 Archive .........................................................................................................11 A2 APPENDIX 2: THE CUMBRIAN SOUTH-WEST FELLS .......................................12 A2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................12 A2.2 Location, Geology and Topography...............................................................12 A2.3 Archaeological Background...........................................................................13 A2.4 Summary of Investigations ............................................................................14 A2.5 Fieldwalking..................................................................................................15 A2.6 Peat Scar Prospecting ....................................................................................17 A2.7 Probing Survey..............................................................................................17 A2.8 Evaluation Trenches ......................................................................................18 A2.9 Test Pitting....................................................................................................19 A2.10 Resistivity Survey.........................................................................................20 A2.11 Ground-penetrating Radar.............................................................................21 A2.12 The Palaeoenvironmental Study....................................................................22 A2.13 Discussion.....................................................................................................28 A3 APPENDIX 3: THE LANGDALE FELLS ..............................................................32 A3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................32 A3.2 Location, Geology and Topography...............................................................32 A3.3 Archaeological and Historical Background....................................................33 A3.4 Fieldwalking..................................................................................................36 A3.5 The Palaeoenvironmental Study.....................................................................38 A3.6 Discussion.....................................................................................................42 A4 APPENDIX 4: THE FOREST OF BOWLAND........................................................46 A4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................46 A4.2 Location, Geology and Topography...............................................................46 A4.3 Archaeological and Historical Background....................................................47 A4.4 Fieldwalking..................................................................................................50 A4.5 The Palaeoenvironmental Study.....................................................................51 A4.6 Discussion.....................................................................................................56 A5 APPENDIX 5: ANGLEZARKE MOOR.................................................................58 A5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................58 A5.2 Location, Geology and Topography...............................................................58 A5.3 Archaeological and Historical Background....................................................59 A5.4 Fieldwalking..................................................................................................62 For the use of English Heritage © OA North October 2010 Upland Peats: Volume 2 - the Case Studies 2 A5.5 The Palaeoenvironmental Study.....................................................................63 A5.6 Discussion.....................................................................................................67 A6 APPENDIX 6: GAZETTEER OF SITES IN THE SOUTH-WEST FELLS ...................70 A7 APPENDIX 7: GAZETTEER OF SITES IN THE LANGDALE FELLS.......................77 A8 APPENDIX 8: GAZETTEER OF SITES IN THE FOREST OF BOWLAND.................79 A9 APPENDIX 9: GAZETTEER OF SITES ON ANGLEZARKE MOOR ........................84 A10 APPENDIX 10: RADIOCARBON DATING A10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................86 A10.2 Methods......................................................................................................86 A10.3 South-West Fells.........................................................................................87 A10.4 The Langdale Fells......................................................................................88 A10.5 The Forest of Bowland................................................................................88 A10.6 Anglezarke Moor........................................................................................89 A10.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................90 TABLES FOR VOLUME 2 Table 15: Sites recorded by the present survey 15 Table 16: Radiocarbon results from Upland Peats Project (2004–2005) 90 Table 17: Radiocarbon result previously gained from Red Tarn Moss, 91 Great Langdale Table 18: Radiocarbon results previously gained from Anglezarke 92 For the use of English Heritage © OA North October 2010 Upland Peats: Volume 2 - the Case Studies 3 APPENDIX 1: DETAILED METHODOLOGY A1.1 CONTEXT FOR THE CASE STUDIES A1.1.1 At the outset of the project, it was recognised that there was a need to test methodologies and examine the impact of threats within a series of representative areas of upland. A focus on specially selected areas would serve to establish a methodology that could be applied to the whole issue of site visibility in the areas of upland peat, and serve to explore and quantify the character and scale of the threats that have an impact on the archaeological resource. The project examined four areas of peatland in the North West: the South-West Fells of the Lake District; the Langdale Fells in the Lake District; the western slopes of the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire; and the western outlying uplands of south Lancashire, on Anglezarke Moor (Fig 1). These areas were chosen specifically to maximise and expand on the results of earlier surveys. Within the South-West Fells, the western part of the transect, around Barnscar, and the eastern part of the transect around the Hesk Fell ‘D’-shaped enclosure, had previously been surveyed as part of the Lake District National Park Survey (Quartermaine and Leech forthcoming). The majority of the transect, comprising the higher ground between these two sections, was newly investigated as part of this programme. In the Langdale Fells, the southern part of the transect had been intensively field walked in 1984 (Claris and Quartermaine 1989), and a programme of test pitting had been undertaken by Reading University in 1986 (Bradley and Edmonds 1993). The northern two-thirds of the transect were newly examined as part of the present programme. None of the Forest of Bowland transect had been examined previously, although the eastern boundary of the transect coincided with the western limit of the earlier United Utilities survey (LUAU 1997). The Anglezarke transect was wholly within the extent of the detailed survey undertaken in 1983 and 1984 (Howard-Davis 1996). A1.1.2 Three of the areas (South-West Fells, the Langdale Fells and Anglezarke Moor) mapped the eroding peat scars in the vicinity of archaeological sites, in sufficient detail to provide comparative data for assessing the changing condition of the peatlands. The selection of the four areas depended on three principal criteria: the landscapes had to be disparate; affected by different threats; and the visibility of the archaeological sites within them had to be dissimilar. The South-West Fells is an area with a relatively dense distribution of archaeological sites, and only discrete areas of blanket peat, and provided an opportunity to test the identification of buried archaeology as the basis for modelling site distributions. Similarly, there is a dense distribution of