Western North American Naturalist Volume 77 Number 1 Article 2 2-21-2017 Seed predation in wild populations of Chamisso arnica (Arnica chamissonis Less: Asteraceae) and new host records for Campiglossa snowi (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Robert L. Johnson Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, [email protected] Val J. Anderson Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, [email protected] Adam T. Yankee Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, [email protected] Zachary Anderson Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Johnson, Robert L.; Anderson, Val J.; Yankee, Adam T.; and Anderson, Zachary (2017) "Seed predation in wild populations of Chamisso arnica (Arnica chamissonis Less: Asteraceae) and new host records for Campiglossa snowi (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae)," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 77 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol77/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American NatUralist 77(1), © 2017, pp. 14–21 SEED PREDATION IN WILD POPULATIONS OF CHAMISSO ARNICA (ARNICA CHAMISSONIS LESS: ASTERACEAE) AND NEW HOST RECORDS FOR CAMPIGLOSSA SNOWI (HERING) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) Robert L. Johnson 1,3 , Val J. Anderson 2, Adam T. Yankee 1, and Zachary Anderson 2 ABSTRACT .— New host records are reported for Campiglossa snowi (Hering), Tephritis leavittensis Blanc, and Trupanea nigricornis (CoqUillett) on Arnica chamissonis Less. and C. snowi on Arnica mollis Hook. Campiglossa snowi was the only frUit fly reared from A. chamissonis from 3 different popUlations from the Kenai PeninsUla, Alaska, over 5 sample years. A total of 1114 specimens of C. snowi were reared from the flower heads of 337 plants averaging 5 flower heads per plant. Seed damage from fly larvae ranged from 0% to 54.8% per capitUlUm, with an overall average of 18.3% across all years and between 3 sites on the Kenai PeninsUla. Infestation rates for individUal capitUla and entire plants averaged 56.4% and 79.0%, respectively, across all years and sites. Fly abUndance was not consistent from year to year, bUt peaked dUring 2010, with sUbstantially lower valUes in years preceding and following the peak. Campiglossa snowi individUals reared from flower heads at additional sites and across mUltiple states expand the species’ known distribUtion range. RESUMEN .—Reportamos nUevos registros de hUéspedes de la flor Arnica chamissonis Less: Campiglossa snowi (Hering), Tephritis leavittensis Blanc y Trupanea nigricornis (CoqUillett), y C. snowi de la flor Arnica mollis Hook. Cam - piglossa snowi fUe la única mosca de qUe se desarrolló en A. chamissonis en 3 poblaciones diferentes de la PenínsUla de Kenai, Alaska, dUrante 5 años de mUestreo. DUrante este tiempo, Un total de 1,114 ejemplares de C. snowi crecieron en la cabeza de las flores de 337 plantas con Un promedio de 5 cabezas por planta. El daño caUsado en las semillas debido a las larvas de mosca osciló entre 0%–54.8% por capítUlo, con Un promedio total de 18.3% a lo largo de todos los años de mUestreo y entre 3 sitios en la penínsUla de Kenai. Las tasas de infestación de capítUlos individUales y de plantas enteras mostraron Un promedio de entre 56.4% y 79.0% a lo largo de todos los años y sitios respectivamente. La abUndancia de moscas no fUe consistente de Un año a otro, pero alcanzó sU máximo dUrante el 2010 con valores sUstancialmente más bajos en los años anteriores y posteriores. Campiglossa snowi qUe se desarrolló en la cabeza de las flores en sitios adicio - nales y a lo largo de múltiples estados mUestra Una expansión de sU rango de distribUción conocido. Plant host relationships of frUit flies This stUdy investigates seed predation by (Diptera: Tephritidae) have worldwide research tephritid frUit flies in wild popUlations of interest primarily dUe to economic impacts of chamisso arnica ( Arnica chamissonis Less., tephritid flies on major frUit and vegetable Asteraceae). There are 2 major potential Uses crops (Badii et al. 2015, Walton et al. 2016). of A. chamissonis for which seed predation NonfrUgivoroUs frUit flies are also roUtinely may pose a concern: as a seed crop for the stUdied for biological control opportUnities reclamation indUstry or as a pharmaceUtical against invasive weeds (Pitcairn et al. 2008, crop. BecaUse of the increased interest in seed SkUhrovec et al. 2008, Story et al. 2008, Birdsall harvest from wild popUlations of native plants and Markin 2010). (Lippitt et al. 1994, Vander MijnsbrUgge et al. Most seed-feeding frUit flies parasitize 2010, BroadhUrst et al. 2015) and commercial plants in the family Asteraceae (Foote et al. cUltivation of native plants for the reclamation 1993) where flowers are arranged in a com - indUstry (Shaw et al. 2005, 2012, Mock et al. pact flower head (capitUlUm) and fly larvae are 2016), the impact of frUit flies that parasitize able to move throUghoUt the flower head to seeds, thUs affecting seed prodUction, poses feed on mUltiple seeds and flower parts potential risks. Arnica chamissonis was in - (Headrick and Goeden 1998). Plants that have clUded in the inventory of species deposited commercial valUe in the harvesting of seed or at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Millen - flower heads can be negatively impacted by niUm Seed Bank Under the BUreaU of Land seed predators. Management’s Seeds of SUccess program 1Department of Biology, Brigham YoUng University, Provo, UT 84602. 2Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham YoUng University, Provo, UT 84602. 3E-mail: [email protected] 14 2017] PLANT HOST RELATIONSHIPS OF FRUIT FLIES 15 (De Bolt and SpUrrier 2004) to “collect, con - in The Jepson Manual. In their treatments, all serve, and develop native plant material for varieties or sUbspecies are synonymized Under stabilizing, rehabilitating, and restoring lands the nominate A. chamissonis sensU lato. The in the United States” (BLM 2016). Part of degree of variation, primarily of leaf and stem what makes A. chamissonis an attractive pUbescence, intergrades between geographi - restoration species is its ability to colonize dis - cal regions, making it difficUlt to segregate tUrbed roadsides where its showy yellow pUblished varieties with confidence. Even flowers contribUte to an aesthetically pleasing determinations between recognized species roadside landscape. Use of A. chamissonis as a can be difficUlt, especially when smaller reclamation species is still limited, however, specimens lack the distingUishing nUmber of primarily becaUse it grows in areas where leaves per stem Used in modern taxonomic reclamation needs are as yet minimal. keys. It is important to recognize, however, Arnica also has potential as a pharmaceUtical that different genotypes likely exist across the crop. Several Arnica species, inclUding A. broad distribUtion of A. chamissonis, particU - chamissonis, have been identified for pharma - larly if the species is Used for restoration and ceUtical research where flavonoids and other site-adapted genotypes are desired. compoUnds are harvested from the flower While visiting Alaska dUring sUmmer 2013, heads (Cassells et al. 1999, Roki et al. 2001, the aUthors discovered a tephritid frUit fly while Saeed 2014). Extracts from these plants have sweep-netting A. chamissonis on the Kenai recently been identified as having potential PeninsUla where popUlations of plants are valUe in treating Alzheimer’s disease (RUsso et regUlarly encoUntered growing roadside. After al. 2013), and the seeds possess a wide array of an initial interest in recording the host associa - antioxidant compoUnds (Gawlik-Dziki et al. tion, we hypothesized that the presence of seed- 2009). In order to redUce harvesting pressUres predating tephritid frUit flies woUld have a on wild plants, researchers have recommended negative impact on seed yield in A. chamissonis growing Arnica and other pharmaceUtical popUlations. To test this assUmption, we sam - plants Under cUltivation (Schippmann et al. pled flower heads of A. chamissonis across 2002, SUgier et al. 2013). Knowledge of plant several sites and years on the Kenai PeninsUla, pests that can potentially redUce pharmaceUtical Alaska. We also report additional host associa - yields coUld be important, especially when tions of tephritid frUit flies on Arnica spp. from plants are grown as a monocUltUre. elsewhere in the western United States. In addition to the valUe of stUdying seed predation in A. chamissonis for reasons of com - METHODS mercial application, it is valUable to docUment the occUrrence and extent of seed preda tion Flower heads of A. chamissonis were col - by a tephritid frUit fly on a plant with little lected in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013 host association information. MUch of the from 3 sites on the Kenai PeninsUla, Alaska. information on nonfrUgivoroUs tephritid host These sites were chosen dUring the first associations is no more than the association reconnaissance year Upon encoUntering an record, with information seldom provided on adeqUate plant popUlation size within the time the extent of seed damage (Foote et al. 1993). constraints of travel. The 3 selected stUdy Arnica chamissonis is an attractive plant sites were roadside popUlations in the vicinity with yellow petals in the family Asteraceae of Seward, Alaska, and were between 200 m 2 foUnd throUghoUt most of western North and 500 m 2 in popUlation area, bUt with esti - America (Wolf 2006). It ranges from Alaska mated popUlation sizes of >1000 plants. Site soUth to California and as far east as QUebec, locations were Seward Tracks (60.12611, Canada, thoUgh records of its eastern range −149.43485, 21 m elevation), Salmon River in the United States terminate in Montana (60.18186, −149.3903, 58 m elevation), and and soUth throUgh Wyoming, Colorado, and Nash Road (60.13264, −149.37935, 17 m ele - New Mexico, with a recorded presence in vation).