How men experience, understand, and describe masculinity: A phenomenological psychological analysis and photovoice exploration. Item Type Thesis Authors Earnshaw, Deborah Citation Earnshaw, D. (2018) 'How men experience, understand, and describe masculinity: A phenomenological psychological analysis and photovoice exploration.' University of Derby [PhD Thesis]. Publisher University of Derby Download date 24/09/2021 09:52:05 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622719 UNIVERSITY OF DERBY How Men Experience, Understand, and Describe Masculinity: A Phenomenological Psychological Analysis and Photovoice Exploration Deborah Earnshaw Doctor of Philosophy April 2018 2 | P a g e Thesis Contents Table of Contents Thesis Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures and Tables.......................................................................................................... 6 Glossary and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 7 Preface........................................................................................................................................ 9 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 11 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 13 1. Chapter One - Introduction ............................................................................................... 16 2. Chapter Two – Literature Review: Masculinity Research in Psychology ........................ 20 2.1 Introduction to Researching Masculinity .................................................................. 20 2.2 Background and Rationale ........................................................................................ 21 2.2.1 Hegemonic Masculinity ..................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 ‘Masculinity in Crisis’ ....................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 Suggestions to Study Masculinity ...................................................................... 24 2.3 Quantitative Research: Theory and Scales ................................................................ 25 2.3.1 Masculinity Theory ............................................................................................ 26 2.3.2 Measuring Masculinity ...................................................................................... 30 2.4 Approach to Research ............................................................................................... 37 2.5 Masculinity Qualitative Research ............................................................................. 38 2.6 Modern Masculinities ................................................................................................ 42 2.7 Media and Masculinity .............................................................................................. 44 2.8 Chapter Two – Literature Review Summary ............................................................ 45 3. Chapter Three - Theoretical Background of Methods ...................................................... 47 3.1 Phenomenology ......................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Phenomenological Psychology ................................................................................. 51 3.2.1 Types of Phenomenology .................................................................................. 52 3.3 Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Descriptive Phenomenological Psychology....... 54 3.4 Researcher Reflexivity .............................................................................................. 55 3.5 Chapter Three – Theoretical Background Summary................................................. 57 4. Chapter Four - Method ..................................................................................................... 58 4.1 Design........................................................................................................................ 58 4.1.1 Interviews ........................................................................................................... 58 4.1.2 Interview Style ................................................................................................... 59 3 | P a g e 4.1.3 Photovoice.......................................................................................................... 60 4.1.4 Interview Schedules ........................................................................................... 63 4.2 Participants ................................................................................................................ 64 4.2.1 Criteria ............................................................................................................... 64 4.2.2 Sample Size ........................................................................................................ 64 4.2.3 Demographics .................................................................................................... 64 4.3 Procedures ................................................................................................................. 65 4.3.1 Ethical Approval ................................................................................................ 65 4.3.2 Recruitment ........................................................................................................ 66 4.3.3 Interviews ........................................................................................................... 66 4.3.4 Transcription ...................................................................................................... 67 4.4 Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 67 4.5 Chapter Four - Method Summary ............................................................................. 69 Overview of Interview 1 Chapters ........................................................................................... 70 5. Chapter Five – Interview 1, Theme 1: Experience of Hegemonic Masculinity ............... 71 5.1 Experience of Hegemonic Masculinity ..................................................................... 71 5.1.1 Traditional Masculinity - “Well like the colour pink…how pink is a feminine colour and how blue is a male associated colour.” ........................................................... 71 5.1.2 Characteristics - “Well you’d rarely see a woman with huge muscles and a beard and that type of haircut.” ........................................................................................ 77 5.1.3 Non-Conformity - “I have never really understood the need to be masculine.” 85 5.1.4 Summary of Experience of Hegemonic Masculinity theme .............................. 97 6. Chapter Six – Interview 1, Theme 2: Societal Influence .................................................. 99 6.1.1 Culture - “There’s a change and that’s all part of fashion, culture and all of that.” ........................................................................................................................... 99 6.1.2 Image - “It just makes you feel good if you look good, doesn’t it?” ............... 107 6.1.3 Media - “A lot of this could be construed as masculine because that’s how the media perceives it.” ........................................................................................................ 119 6.1.4 Summary of Societal Influence Theme............................................................ 127 7. Chapter Seven – Interview 1, Theme 3: Feminism and Women .................................... 129 7.1.1 Feminism – “As a male feminist I can’t claim to understand everything, I mean I’m not in their shoes.” ................................................................................................... 129 7.1.2 Women – “I think men and women both like the idea of masculinity.” .......... 133 7.1.3 Summary of Feminism and Women theme ..................................................... 138 7.2 Interview 1 Summary and Discussion ..................................................................... 142 Overview of Case Study Chapters ......................................................................................... 144 4 | P a g e 8. Chapter Eight - Tim ........................................................................................................ 146 8.1 Summary of Tim’s Second Interview ..................................................................... 158 9. Chapter Nine - Liam ....................................................................................................... 159 9.1 Summary of Liam’s Second Interview.................................................................... 176 10. Chapter Ten - Fraser ................................................................................................... 178 10.1 Summary of Fraser’s Second Interview .................................................................. 189 11. Chapter Eleven - Shane ............................................................................................... 190 11.1 Summary of Shane’s Second Interview .................................................................