ABriefHistoryofComputing Xmas Lecture Prof. Dr. Jörg Schäfer 23 December, 2010 Prologue 3 Disclaimer.................................................................... 4 Famous(Computer)ScientistsQuotes................................................. 5 Famous(Computer)EngineersQuotes................................................. 6 A Brief History of Computers 7 Stonehenge................................................................... 8 Abacus...................................................................... 9 Al-Chwarizmi................................................................. 10 LeonardodaVinci.............................................................. 11 Pascaline.................................................................... 12 Leibniz01................................................................... 13 Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine . ................................................ 14 Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine . ................................................ 15 TheFirstProgrammer........................................................... 16 Inspiration for Cyberpunk. ....................................................... 17 Inspiration for Steampunk . ....................................................... 18 Power(Jacquard)Looms......................................................... 19 IBM,formerlyknownasHollerith ................................................... 20 KonradZuse–Z1.............................................................. 21 AlanTuring[Tur01] ............................................................ 22 JohnvonNeumann[Neu45]....................................................... 23 VonNeumannArchitecture ....................................................... 24 GraceHopper................................................................. 25 TheFirstBug ................................................................ 26 AnalogComputers ............................................................. 27 OtherAnalogComputers......................................................... 28 Moore’sLaw ................................................................. 29 Unix[RT74].................................................................. 30 Macs ...................................................................... 31 PCs....................................................................... 32 UbiquitousComputers........................................................... 33 Quantum Computing. ........................................................... 34 ABriefHistoryofProgrammingLanguages 35 WhyareLanguagesImportant?..................................................... 36 LanguagesasToolsforThinking.................................................... 37 LanguageEvolution............................................................. 38 1940s . .................................................................. 39 1940s cont. .................................................................. 40 MachineLanguage............................................................. 41 1950s . .................................................................. 42 1950s cont. .................................................................. 43 1 Assembly.................................................................... 44 Fortran–I................................................................... 45 Fortran–II.................................................................. 46 Algol68–I................................................................... 47 Algol68–II.................................................................. 48 Lisp....................................................................... 49 1960s . .................................................................. 50 1960s . .................................................................. 51 Basic ...................................................................... 52 Cobol...................................................................... 53 1970s . .................................................................. 54 1970s . .................................................................. 55 Hackers..................................................................... 56 C......................................................................... 57 Prolog...................................................................... 58 Smalltalk.................................................................... 59 1980s . .................................................................. 60 1980s . .................................................................. 61 C++–I.................................................................... 62 C++–II.................................................................... 63 Python..................................................................... 64 1990s . .................................................................. 65 1990s cont. .................................................................. 66 1990s cont. .................................................................. 67 Haskell..................................................................... 68 Java....................................................................... 69 2000s . .................................................................. 70 MapReduce.................................................................. 71 Summary: ProgrammingLanguages’Paradigms ......................................... 72 InterpretationofParadigms ....................................................... 73 ShootingYourself.............................................................. 74 ProgrammingLanguagesasseenbyFans.............................................. 75 LanguagesasToolsforProgramming................................................. 76 A Brief History of Networks 77 TheWorldisConnected ......................................................... 78 ThePoweroftheNetwork........................................................ 79 A Brief History of Applications 80 ImportantApplications .......................................................... 81 ABriefHistoryofComputerScientistsandEngineers 82 FamousComputerScientistsandEngineers ............................................ 83 A Brief History of Challenges 84 DifferentDisciplines ............................................................ 85 Speaking DifferentLanguages–ExampleI............................................. 86 Speaking DifferentLanguages–ExampleII ............................................ 87 WhatcanweCompute?.......................................................... 88 HowtodealwithComplexity? ..................................................... 89 Outlook 90 TheFutureofComputing ........................................................ 91 Appendix 92 References................................................................... 93 Credits–I/III................................................................. 94 Credits–II/III................................................................ 95 Credits–III/III................................................................ 96 2 Content Prologue A Brief History of Computers A Brief History of Programming Languages A Brief History of Networks A Brief History of Applications A Brief History of Computer Scientists and Engineers A Brief History of Challenges Outlook c Jörg Schäfer http://user.fh-frankfurt.de/~jschaefer/lectures/ ABriefHistoryofComputing–2/96 ! Prologue 3/96 Disclaimer The following slides contain an entirely subjective view of (computer) history! Due to laziness, some notes contain Wikipedia as a “reference” – please consider this as an anti-pattern and never use Wikipedia as a “reference” in any serious scientific report! c Jörg Schäfer http://user.fh-frankfurt.de/~jschaefer/lectures/ ABriefHistoryofComputing–4/96 ! 3 Famous (Computer) Scientists Quotes Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes. Edsger Dijkstra Computer science also differs from physics in that it is not actually a science. It does not study natural objects. Neither is it, as you might think, mathematics; although it does use mathematical reasoning pretty extensively. Rather, computer science is like engineering; it is all about getting something to do something, rather than just dealing with abstractions, as in the pre-Smith geology. Richard Feynman, Feynman Lectures on Computation, 1970 c Jörg Schäfer http://user.fh-frankfurt.de/~jschaefer/lectures/ ABriefHistoryofComputing–5/96 ! Famous (Computer) Engineers Quotes Ithinkthereisaworldmarketformaybefivecomputers. Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943 There is no reason anyone in the right state of mind will want a computer in their home. Ken Olson, President of Digital Equipment Corp, 1977 640k is enough for anyone, and by the way, what’s a network? William Gates III, President of Microsoft Corporation, 1984 The most profound technologies are those that disappear: they weave themselves into fabric of everyday life until are indistinguishable from it. Mark Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century, Scientific American, 1991 c Jörg Schäfer http://user.fh-frankfurt.de/~jschaefer/lectures/ ABriefHistoryofComputing–6/96 ! 4 ABriefHistoryofComputers 7/96 Stonehenge Stonehenge ← 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 − c Jörg Schäfer http://user.fh-frankfurt.de/~jschaefer/lectures/ ABriefHistoryofComputing–8/96 ! Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located