3/24/14 Psychoacve Plants 2014 Herbal Products and Extracts Used as Recreational Drugs Coffee / Tea Photo by Erowid Photo by Uriel5000 Coffee / Tea - Basics • Genus species – Coffea arabica (coffee), Camellia sinensis (tea) • Effects – Stimulant • Primary Chemicals – Caffeine • Common Routes of Administration – Oral 1 3/24/14 Coffee / Tea - Issues • Available Everywhere • Caffeine is legal in most forms • High Doses Can Be Dangerous • Often Combined – Can allow increased alcohol consumption • Problems – Overstimulation – Manic Episodes – Tachycardia • Causes Some Deaths Coffee / Tea - Extracted • Energy Drinks and Concentrated Forms – 21,000 ED visits involving energy drinks in 2011. 58% were from energy drinks alone. – Available in high-dose capsules – Caffeine available in “breathable” dispensers Psilocybin Mushrooms Photo by Erowid 2 3/24/14 Psilocybin Mushrooms Basics • Botanical Name – Psilocybe cubensis – cultivated – More than 180 species • Effects – Psychedelic • Primary Chemicals – Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin Psilocybin • Common Routes of Administration – Oral Psilocybin Mushrooms - Issues • Most commonly used natural psychedelic – Tried by 67% of Erowid survey respondents • Psilocybin/Psilocin are Schedule I • Possible poisoning from misidenti[ication • Problems – Unusual behavior – Anxiety / Fear – Dif[icult Mental and Emotional States • No known pharmacological fatalities DMT-Containing Plants Photo by Erowid Photo by Erowid Chacruna (Psychotria viridis) Jurema (Mimosa tenuiflora) Photo by Erowid Photo by Erowid Yopo (Anadenanthera colubrina/peregrina) Epeña (Virola spp.) 3 3/24/14 DMT-Containing Plants - Basics • Botanical Name – Dozens of plants, including: • trees, shrubs, and grasses • leaves, barks, seeds and [lowers • Effects N,N-DMT – Psychedelic • Primary Chemicals – N,N-DMT, 5-MeO-DMT • Common Routes of Administration – Smoked, Oral (w/ MAOI), Snuff (less common) DMT-Containing Plants - Issues • Plant sources are common worldwide – Tried by 9% of Erowid survey respondents – More common in S. America & Australia • DMT & 5-MeO-DMT are Schedule I • Problems – Unusual behavior – Anxiety / Fear – Dif[icult Mental and Emotional States • Not physically dangerous alone – Not orally active without an MAOI DMT Tea (Ayahuasca) Photo by Dr. Dali 4 3/24/14 DMT Tea (Ayahuasca) - Issues – Tried by 8% of Erowid survey respondents • Ayahuasca legal status is complicated • Problems – Vomiting – Diarrhea – Unusual behavior – Anxiety / Fear – Dif[icult Mental and Emotional States • Often combined with 3rd world travel • Admixture Plants – Tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) – Datura / Brugmansia DMT Tea (Ayahuasca) - Issues • Contains Reversible MAOI(s) – Harmala alkaloid-containing plant • Banisteriopsis caapi (“ayahuasca”) • Peganum harmala (“syrian rue”) – Pharmaceutical interactions • A few pharmacological fatalities – Mechanisms unknown Salvia divinorum Photo by Erowid 5 3/24/14 Salvia divinorum - Basics • Botanical Name – Salvia divinorum • Effects – Atypical Psychedelic • Primary Chemicals Salvinorin A – Salvinorin A • Common Routes of Administration – Smoked – Oral/Buccal (traditional) Salvia divinorum - Issues • Widely available in the U.S. – Tried by 45% of Erowid survey respondents • Not federally controlled – Controlled or regulated in many states • Problems – Bodily injury from moving around while dissociated – Unusual behavior – Dif[icult Mental and Emotional States • No known pharmacological fatalities Kratom Photo by K. Trout 6 3/24/14 Kratom - Basics • Botanical Name – Mitragyna speciosa • Effects – Stimulant & Depressant Mitragynine • Primary Chemicals – Mitragynine – 7-Hydroxymitragynine • Common Routes of Administration – Oral (capsules or powdered leaf in tea) Kratom - Issues • Widely available in the U.S. – Tried by 23% of Erowid survey respondents • Not federally controlled – Controlled in a few states • Problems – Strong sedation at high doses – Accidents while intoxicated – Nausea – Vomiting – Habituation/Addiction – Hepatotoxicity? • Few fatalities Psychoacve Amanita Mushrooms Gilrand Photo by 7 3/24/14 Psychoacve Amanita - Basics • Botanical Name – Amanita muscaria – Amanita pantherina • Effects Ibotenic Acid – Deliriant, Psychedelic • Primary Chemicals – Ibotenic Acid, Muscimol • Common Routes of Administration – Oral Psychoacve Amanita - Issues • Naturally & commercially available in U.S. – Tried by 14% of Erowid survey respondents • Not federally or state controlled • Problems – Combative behavior – Delirium – Nausea – Vomiting • Possible poisoning from misidenti[ication – Often dif[icult to con[irm cause of death Datura Photo by Edmund 8 3/24/14 Brugmansia Photo by Edmund Datura / Brugmansia - Basics • Botanical Name – Datura spp. (~9) – Brugmansia spp. (~7 ) • Effects – Deliriant, Anticholinergic Scopolamine • Primary Chemicals – Scopolamine, Hyoscyamine, Atropine • Common Routes of Administration – Oral Datura / Brugmansia - Issues • Naturally & commercially available in U.S. – Tried by 6% of Erowid survey respondents • Not federally controlled – Controlled in a few states • Problems – Dif[iculty focusing eyes – Dry mouth – Delirium!! – Bizarre behavior – Amnesia – Hyperthermea • Causes some deaths 9 3/24/14 Datura / Brugmansia - Issues • Beautiful bell [lowers w/ heavy scent • Datura leaves smell like peanut-butter • Mostly young teens who try it – Crops up every few years as “The New High” – Few people enjoy the effects • Effects can last up to 48 hours "Blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, red as a beet, hot as hell, dry as a bone, the bowel and bladder lose their tone, and the heart runs alone." Morning Glory / Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Photo by K. Trout Morning Glory / HBW - Basics • Botanical Name – Ipomoea tricolor, I. violacea – Argyreia nervosa • Effects – Psychedelic LSA • Primary Chemicals – Lysergic Acid Amide (LSA) • Common Routes of Administration – Oral (Chewed Seeds, Capsules, Tea) 10 3/24/14 Morning Glory / HBW - Issues • Seeds naturally & commercially available – Tried by 27% of Erowid survey respondents • Plant not federally controlled – Controlled in a few states • Problems – Nausea/Vomiting – G.I. Pain – Unusual behavior – Anxiety / Fear – Dif[icult Mental and Emotional States • No known pharmacological fatalities Khat Photo by Erowid Khat - Basics • Botanical Name – Catha edulis • Effects – Stimulant • Primary Chemicals Cathinone – Cathinone, Cathine • Common Routes of Administration – Oral/Buccal 11 3/24/14 Khat - Issues • Seeds naturally & commercially available – Tried by 4% of Erowid survey respondents • Khat is federally controlled • Problems – Nausea/Vomiting – G.I. disorders – Habituation – Choking on leaves – Overstimulation – Heart stress • Few pharmacological fatalities – (Corkery et al, 2011) Nutmeg Photo by Erowid Nutmeg - Basics • Botanical Name – Myristica fragrans • Effects – Deliriant, Psychedelic • Primary Chemicals Myris(cin – Myristicin • Common Routes of Administration – Oral, Smoked 12 3/24/14 Nutmeg - Issues • Widely available – Tried by 22% of Erowid survey respondents • Approved as a food (GRAS) • Problems – Nausea/Vomiting – Dizziness – Dry Mouth – Delirium – Cramping – Convulsions • Only 2 known pharmacological fatalities Dried Poppy Pods / Straw Photo by K. Trout Dried Poppy Seeds Photo by K. Trout 13 3/24/14 Dried Poppy Pods / Seeds - Basics • Botanical Name – Papaver somniferum • Effects – Euphoriant, Sedative, Analgesic • Primary Chemicals Morphine – Morphine, Codeine • Common Routes of Administration – Oral (Tea) Dried Poppy Pods / Seeds- Issues • Widely available – Tried by 12% of Erowid survey respondents • “Poppy Straw” is federally scheduled – Flowers are commonly cultivated – Dried pods are widely sold as decorations – Seeds are sold for food and cultivation • Problems – Nausea – Constipation – Habituation/Addiction – Sedation • A few pharmacological fatalities from tea Peyote & Cactus Photo by Erowid 14 3/24/14 Peyote & Cactus - Basics • Botanical Name – Lophophora williamsii – Echinopsis spp. • Effects – Psychedelic Mescaline • Primary Chemicals – Mescaline • Common Routes of Administration – Oral Peyote & Cactus - Issues • Widely available – Tried by 16% of Erowid survey respondents • Peyote and mescaline federally Schedule I – Columnar cacti are commonly cultivated • Problems – G.I. Distress – Nausea – Unusual behavior – Anxiety / Fear – Dif[icult Mental and Emotional States • No known pharmacological fatalities Cannabis Marincolo Photo by SebasNan 15 3/24/14 Cannabis Basics • Genus species – Cannabis sativa, C. indica • Effects – Stimulant, Psychedelic, Depressant THC • Primary Chemicals – Many natural cannabinoids • Common Routes of Administration – Smoked & Oral Cannabis Issues • Widely available – Tried by 97% of Erowid survey respondents • Cannabis federally Schedule I – Legal, medical, or decrim in many states • Overdose from oral consumption • Problems – Anxiety/Paranoia – Unusual behavior – Bronchitis – Increased heart rate – Exacerbation of mental disorders • No known pharmacological fatalities Chemicals Deposited on Plant Materials • Synthetic chemicals deposited on crushed plant material and sold as natural • Usually smoked • Includes cannabinoids, cathinones, and others 16 3/24/14 Synthe(c Cannabinoid Products Synthe(c Cannabinoid Control • Mar 2011 — 5 Emergency Scheduled – JWH-018; JWH-073; JWH-200; CP-47,497; CP-47497 Homolog • Jan 2013 — CB1 Receptor Agonists Scheduled – 10 more named, many others qualify • May 2013 — 3 Emergency Scheduled – XLR11; AKB48; UR144 • Feb 2014 — 4 Emergency Scheduled – PB-22; 5F-PB-22; AB-FUBINACA; ADB-PINACA Synthe(c Chemicals Deposited on Plant MaSer et al, 2013 Seely Image from 17 3/24/14 Increasing Number of Available Plants and Plant Chemicals • 80 legal recreational chemicals available for purchase online in Mar 2014 • More than 400 known psychoactive plants 18 .