Directorate-General Internal Policies Policy Department C CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS WOMEN AND ENLARGEMENT STUDY Abstract: ID. N°: IPOL/C/IV/2003/16/04 -1- PE 360.474 EN This study was requested by: the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights. This paper is published in the following languages: French (original) and English. Author: Claire Wallace, Liliana Mateeva, Pamela Abbott Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna Responsible Official: Ms Danièle RÈCHARD Policy Departmetn Directorate C Remard 03 J 020 Tel: 43730 Fax: E-mail: [email protected]] Manuscript completed in August 2004 Paper copies can be obtained through: Tel: 31178 Fax: Fax: Email: [email protected]] Further information on DG Internal Policies publications can be accessed through:http://www.ipolnet.ep.parl.union.union.eu/ipolnet/cms/pid/438 Brussels, European Parliament, [year of publication]. The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. -2- PE 360.474 EN Research Report Project: Women and Enlargement Final Report (English) Claire Wallace, Liliana Mateeva, Pamela Abbott Study for the European Parliament August 2004 Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna -3- PE 360.474 EN Contact: Prof. Claire Wallace Head of the Department of Sociology Institute for Advanced Studies : +43/1/599 91-213 email: [email protected] Liliana Mateeva Researcher, Institute for Advanced Studies : +43/1/599 91-144 email: [email protected] Prof. Pamela Abbott Director for the Centre for Equality and Diversity at Glasgow Caledonian University : +1413318642 emai: [email protected] -4- PE 360.474 EN -5- PE 360.474 EN CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................10 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO THE CHANGING SOCIAL ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN UNION ENLARGEMENT.............................................14 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER II: DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND THE CHANGING SOCIAL ROLE OF WOMEN..................................................................................................................................19 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................19 2. Population change in Europe ...........................................................................................19 2.1. The population age structure and dynamics..............................................................22 3. Trends related to family life.............................................................................................25 3.1. Trends related to family formation ...........................................................................25 3.2. Trends in the Fertility and Birth Rates......................................................................30 4. Cultural factors influencing demographic trends.............................................................32 5. Conclusions on socio-economic repercussions of demographic change, gender perspective and policy issues...............................................................................................34 CHAPTER III: EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, EMPLOYMENT ...............37 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................37 2. Education .........................................................................................................................38 3. The employment situation of women ..............................................................................42 3.1. Regional trends in employment ................................................................................52 3.2. Unemployment..........................................................................................................53 3.3. Gender pay gap .........................................................................................................55 3.4. Women and Poverty..................................................................................................55 4. Conclusions......................................................................................................................57 CHAPTER IV: WOMEN AND HEALTH..............................................................................59 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................59 2. The health situation of women in the New Member States and Candidate countries .....60 2.1. Life expectancy at birth ............................................................................................60 2.2. Non-infectious diseases ............................................................................................63 2.3. Infectious diseases ....................................................................................................70 3. Satisfaction with health and the social situation of women............................................71 4. Conclusions......................................................................................................................75 CHAPTER V: WOMEN IN POLITICS IN THE NEW MEMBER STATES AND CANDIDATE COUNTRIES...................................................................................................76 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................76 2. Comparative study on political participation of women..................................................77 3. Country overview.............................................................................................................81 3.1. Bulgaria - Women in government.............................................................................81 3.2. Cyprus - Women in government...............................................................................81 3.3. Czech Republic - Women in government.................................................................82 3.4. Estonia - Women in government ..............................................................................82 3.5. Hungary - Women in government ............................................................................83 3.6. Latvia - Women in government ................................................................................83 3.7. Lithuania - women in government............................................................................83 3.8. Malta - women in government..................................................................................84 3.9. Poland - women in government ................................................................................85 3.10. Romania - women in government...........................................................................85 3.11. Slovakia - women in government ...........................................................................85 3.12. Slovenia - women in government ...........................................................................86 -6- PE 360.474 EN 3.13. Turkey - women in government..............................................................................87 4. Conclusions..........................................................................................................................87 CHAPTER VI: GENDER ROLES IN THE NEW MEMBER STATES AND CANDIDATE COUNTRIES ...........................................................................................................................88 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................88 2. Family Roles ....................................................................................................................88 3. Gender Equality ...............................................................................................................92 4. Conclusions......................................................................................................................96 CHAPTER VII: SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND WOMEN.........................................97 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................97 2. General characteristics and trends of the social protection systems................................99 3. Gender dimensions of the social security policy ...........................................................102 3.1. Women as workers..................................................................................................102 3.2. Women as parents...................................................................................................103 3.3. Women as citizens ..................................................................................................106 4. Conclusions....................................................................................................................106 CHAPTER VIII: CHILD CARE SERVICES