HISTORY IN THE MAKING California State University, San Bernardino Journal of History Volume Two 2009 Alpha Delta Nu Chapter, Phi Alpha Theta National History Honor Society History in the Making is an annual publication of the California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB) Alpha Delta Nu Chapter of the Phi Alpha Theta National History Honor Society, and is sponsored by the History Department at CSUSB. Volumes are published at the end of the spring quarter of each academic year. Phi Alpha Theta’s mission is to promote the study of history through the encouragement of research, good teaching, publication and the exchange of learning and ideas among historians. The organization seeks to bring students, teachers and writers of history together for intellectual and social exchanges, and to promote and assist historical research and publication by our members in a variety of ways. Copyright © 2009 Alpha Delta Nu, California State University, San Bernardino. All rights reserved. Cover collage created by Christopher Brooks and Alicia Gutierrez. History in the Making TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements........................................................................ iv Editorial Staff...................................................................................v Slavery and the Search for Belonging in Modern Sudan William Fant ....................................................................................1 In Pursuit of the Sixth Star: An Analysis of Literature and Tactics from the 1911 California Woman Suffrage Campaign Sarah Trevino Promnitz.................................................................25 Chiune Sugihara: A Psychohistorical Study of a Rescuer of Jews during the Holocaust Christine Alanne Perris .................................................................49 The Ideological Scalpel: Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing and the Nazi Biocracy Matthew D. Fuller..........................................................................63 Dead Fish in the Desert: A Brief Photo-History of The Salton Sea Alicia Gutierrez............................................................................108 i History in the Making Introduction Welcome to the second volume of California State University, San Bernardino’s Journal of History: History in the Making. Under the guidance of history professors Dr. Cherstin Lyon and Dr. Tiffany F. Jones, the CSUSB history journal is peer reviewed and edited by undergraduate and graduate students at CSUSB. All articles in this volume are written by CSUSB undergraduate students. This volume features multimedia techniques to explore historical themes and to attract a broader interest in historical discovery. For this volume our editors were particularly interested in exhibiting a variety of historical time periods. Our first article, “Slavery and the Search for Belonging in Modern Sudan,” written by William Fant, explores the history and significance of the modern slave trade in Sudan. In “Pursuit of the Sixth Star: An Analysis of Literature and Tactics from the California Women’s Suffrage Campaign,” Sarah Promnitz makes a fascinating connection between modern campaign methods and those employed by the California women fighting for suffrage in 1911. Christina Perris explores the psychological motivations of a rescuer nearly forgotten to history in “Chiune Sugihara: A Psychological Analysis of a Rescuer of Jews During the Holocaust.” In Matthew Fuller’s fascinating and detailed study, “The Ideological Scalpel, Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing and the Nazi Biocracy,” he explores ironic act of medicalized killing and the reasons behind this perplexing phenomenon in Nazi Germany. Finally, Alicia Guterriez’s colorful and poetic writing in “Dead Fish in the Desert: A Brief Photo‐History of the Salton Sea” unveils the mystery behind the Salton Sea in a photo historiography of local history. ii History in the Making Also, as a special feature of this volume, available in the online edition at www.history.csbs.csusb.edu, is the multimedia piece that highlights the narrated, moving photo essay of “Dead Fish in the Desert.” Please enjoy the 2009 edition of History in the Making. Oceana Collins Editor in Chief iii History in the Making Acknowledgements A project such as this takes the dedication and cooperation of many people. I would like to thank our fearless leader, Dr. Lyon, whose strength, feedback, support and wonderful sense of humor was an invaluable part of moving the project forward, Dr. Jones, whose concise critiques and technological expertise brought the quality of the journal to another level, and the fabulous journal staff that woke up early many times to make it to 8 a.m. meetings and without whose commitment this project it would not have been possible. Special thanks go to Christopher Brooks and Alicia Gutierrez who are responsible for designing and creating our artistic photo mosaic cover. Finally, thanks to the History Department and Phi Alpha Theta whose sponsorship and support was an essential asset. iv History in the Making Editorial Staff Chief Editor: Oceana Collins Associate Editors: Curtis Byrd Alicia Guterriez Mark Ocegueda Christina Perris Frank Rodriguez Rob Ruiz Faculty Advisors: Dr. Cherstin Lyon Assistant Professor of History, Alpha Delta Nu Faculty Advisor Dr. Tiffany F. Jones Assistant Professor of History, Alpha Delta Nu Journal Faculty Advisor v History in the Making vi William Fant Slavery and the Search for Belonging in Modern Sudan BY WILLIAM FANT For many Sudanese, the migration of Islamic society into Sudan has produced difficulties in identifying belonging. Centuries in the making, Sudan has become a split nation in which the south has retained much of its African identity, while the north has become increasingly Islamized. While no discernable traits separate the divided portions of Sudan, the division has allowed the dominant north to forcibly gain control of the entire nation. This phenomenon has led to increased discontent among the regions, resulting in civil war and the reintroduction of slavery. Although the physical division in Sudan is as blurred as the ethnic lines of its people, the conflict has now spread into the Darfur region with disastrous results. In response, the international community, led by China, has hesitated to get involved while the African identity of Sudan is systematically swept away. The Islamic slave trade has its roots in the convergence of African and Arabic societies based largely in the southern region of the Sahara desert. The traditional Arabic slave raids on African villages was substantially complicated by the spread of Islam into Africa and the intermarriage of African women and Arabic men, which created a mixed Sudanese society searching for an identity. The continued enslavement of African villagers by those who identified themselves as Arabic further perpetuated the idea that the individuals identified as having African ancestry were inferior to those to who claimed Arabic roots. Although slavery in Sudan was abolished under Anglo-Egyptian rule in the early twentieth century, the self identification of those in Sudan continued to be polarized by the people claiming Arabic ancestry and those who were defined as African, creating a division of the country between 1 Slavery and the Search for Belonging the predominantly Arabic north and the African south. The reintroduction of slavery in modern day Sudan is the direct result of the continued dominance of the country’s political and economical systems by the Arabic north, their view of the inferiority of Africans, and the need for labor in northern Sudan. However, despite numerous narratives of slave experiences, the government of Sudan continues to deny the existence of slavery in their country by hiding behind the complicated nature of the subject of slavery itself, as well as the so-called traditional problem of tribal identification. The conflict raging in Darfur, the denials by Khartoum government, and the international protection provided by China has continued to stall intervention on behalf of those who have been enslaved. Arab versus African The current problem of slavery in Sudan is rooted in the historic division of the country between the Arabic North and the African south, and the understanding of this situation is crucial in order to clarify why slavery in Sudan still exists. While the division of Sudan upon the line of ethnicity is not absolute, it is more distinguishable by an examination of the geographical division of the country. As Peter McLoughlin points out, “[t]he northern two- thirds of the Republic of the Sudan encompasses the eastern end of the Sudan geographic zone, a belt of savannah grassland…which borders the southern edge of the Sahara and Libyan deserts.”1 The northern portion of Sudan thus provided the land necessary to sustain the traditional nomadic herding lifestyle of those who claimed Arabian ancestry. Over time these nomadic herders began to settle the region now known as Sudan aided largely by the existence of the upper Nile River, further encroaching on the traditional African villages of sub-Sahara Africa.2 By contrast, the 1 Peter F. M. McLoughlin, “Economic Development and the Heritage of Slavery in the Sudan Republic,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 32, no. 4 (1962): 355-391. 2 This is an over simplification of the north/south division which is largely used as